* Quorum sensing

Quorum sensing is a system of stimulus and response correlated to population density.

Quorum sensing can function as a decision-making process in any decentralized system, as long as individual components have: ( a ) a means of assessing the number of other components they interact with and ( b ) a standard response once a threshold number of components is detected.

Quorum sensing may be achieved by degrading the signalling molecule.

Quorum sensing can occur within a single bacterial species as well as between diverse species, and can regulate a host of different processes, in essence, serving as a simple communication network.

Model of Quorum sensing.

Quorum sensing was first observed in Vibrio fischeri, a bioluminiscent bacterium that lives as a mutualistic symbiont in the photophore ( or light-producing organ ) of the Hawaiian bobtail squid.

Quorum sensing can also be used to coordinate the behavior of autonomous robot swarms.

*" Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria " ( Quorum sensing ) by Bonnie Bassler ( Princeton )

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* Quorum sensing, collective behaviour of bacteria

* Quorum sensing

Quorum sensing was first studied in Vibrio fischeri, a marine bacterium that uses a synthase ( LuxI ) to produce a species-specific autoinducer ( AI ) that binds a cognate receptor ( LuxR ) that regulates changes in expression.

* Quorum sensing

Quorum sensing is a method of communication between bacteria that enables the coordination of group-based behavior based on population density.

Quorum – sensing virtually allows all the bacteria to benefit from one another.

Rather, members believe that it encompasses the Quorum of Twelve Apostles together and that revelations can be given to individual members of the church.

" Dallin H. Oaks, an LDS General authority and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles taught that trials and adversities can change who a member is into what God wants them " to become " if they approach them with the right attitude.

Though the original minutes did not refer to the term General Authorities, the revised minutes, which were included in the 1835 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, stated that decisions of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles " can only be called into question by the General Authorities of the Church in case of transgression.

The Doctrine and Covenants states that a president of a Deacons Quorum can preside over no more than twelve members.

A Priests Quorum can have a maximum of 48 members, so Priests Quorums are rarely split, even in the largest wards.

Some legal scholars maintain that offensive, non-police military actions, while a Quorum can still be convened ( see Continuity of Government ), taken without a formal Congressional declaration of war is unconstitutional since no amendment with two-thirds majority of states has changed the original intent to make the War Powers Resolution legally binding.

Illis Quorum ( For Those Whose Labors Have Deserved It ) is the highest award that can be conferred upon an individual Swedish citizen by the Government of Sweden.

Section Five deals with procedure, providing that " Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ," although a small number may adjourn and compel the attendance of absent members.

Article I, Section 5, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution provides that " Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ..." Therefore in both the House of Representatives and the Senate a quorum is a simple majority of their respective members.

The President's other duties consist of presiding at and conducting weekly meetings of the Quorum in the Salt Lake Temple ; making decisions about the particular assignments to be made to the members of the Quorum ; speaking on behalf of the Quorum to members of the Church and the media ; and acting as a liaison in coordinating the work of the Quorum with the First Presidency, the Quorums of the Seventy, and the Presiding Bishopric.

Members of the First Presidency are not generally considered to be members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or holding the priesthood office of apostle, regardless of previous calling.

In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church.

If he is called into the First Presidency, the most senior Apostle remaining in the Quorum of the Twelve is called to be the Acting President of that Quorum.

Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, and special witnesses of Jesus Christ.

Young emphasized what he said was Joseph Smith's authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the church's central governing body of the church after Smith's death.

In cases when the President of the Quorum is simultaneously called to be a counselor in the First Presidency, or is unable to serve due to health considerations, an acting president of the quorum is called in his stead to fill the position.

Counselors are usually chosen from among the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, although there have been a number of exceptions where members of the church's Presiding Bishopric or persons from the church at large were called to be counselors.

The next senior apostle to the president of the church is set apart by the president to be the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

If the President of the Quorum of the Twelve has been called to be a counselor in the First Presidency, the most senior apostle not called to the First Presidency is set apart and referred to as the Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

Brigham Young initially argued that Smith could have no immediate successor, but rather that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( of which he was president ) should be sustained as the presiding body of the church.

In 1848, Cowdery traveled to meet with followers of Brigham Young and the Quorum of the Twelve encamped at Winter Quarters, Nebraska, and he asked to be reunited with the Church.

On other occasions, the messenger indicated particular men to be ordained within the organization, including to its Quorum of Twelve Apostles.

They also may come from individual members of the church, and will only be published if they are approved by the Quorum.