ROT13 is a Caesar cipher, a type of substitution cipher.

In ROT13, the alphabet is rotated 13 steps.

ROT13 (" rotate by 13 places ", sometimes hyphenated ROT-13 ) is a simple letter substitution cipher that replaces a letter with the letter 13 letters after it in the alphabet.

In the basic Latin alphabet, ROT13 is its own inverse ; that is, to undo ROT13, the same algorithm is applied, so the same action can be used for encoding and decoding.

ROT13 is used in online forums as a means of hiding spoilers, punchlines, puzzle solutions, and offensive materials from the casual glance.

ROT13 has inspired a variety of letter and word games on-line, and is frequently mentioned in newsgroup conversations.

Because there are 26 letters in the English alphabet and 26 = 2 × 13, the ROT13 function is its own inverse:

In other words, two successive applications of ROT13 restore the original text ( in mathematics, this is sometimes called an involution ; in cryptography, a reciprocal cipher ).

The encryption step performed by a Caesar cipher is often incorporated as part of more complex schemes, such as the Vigenère cipher, and still has modern application in the ROT13 system.

A Caesar shift of thirteen is also performed in the ROT13 algorithm, a simple method of obfuscating text widely found on Usenet and used to obscure text ( such as joke punchlines and story spoilers ), but not seriously used as a method of encryption.

A simple cipher called ROT13 is also used in newsgroups to obscure spoilers, but is rarely used for this purpose elsewhere.

The ROT13 cipher is only intended to prevent people from accidentally reading messages ( e. g. movie plot details ).

Obfuscation based on a standard key like used in ROT13 is easy to decipher though.

Other examples include circle inversion, rotation by a half-turn, and reciprocal ciphers such as the ROT13 transformation and the Beaufort polyalphabetic cipher.

* ROT13, a simple cipher

ROT13 replaces each letter by its partner 13 characters further along the alphabet.

Applying ROT13 to a piece of text merely requires examining its alphabetic characters and replacing each one by the letter 13 places further along in the alphabet, wrapping back to the beginning if necessary.

Bessler adopted the pseudonym " Orffyreus " by writing the letters of the alphabet in a circle and selecting the letters diametrically opposite to those of his surname ( what would modernly be called a ROT13 cypher ), thus obtaining Orffyre, which he then Latinized into Orffyreus.

In practice, a simple ROT13 encoding has been found to be very effective.

for example, the mode of bravery to this anonymous folk poem: `` They brought me news that Spring is in the plains And Ahmad's blood the crimson tulip stains ; ;

For the family is the simplest example of just such a unit, composed of people, which gives us both some immunity from, and a way of dealing with, other people.

This almost trivial example is nevertheless suggestive, for there are some elements in common between the antique fear that the days would get shorter and shorter and our present fear of war.

Perhaps the most illuminating example of the reduction of fear through understanding is derived from our increased knowledge of the nature of disease.

Beckett's own work is an example.

If he thus achieves a lyrical, dreamlike, drugged intensity, he pays the price for his indulgence by producing work -- Allen Ginsberg's `` Howl '' is a striking example of this tendency -- that is disoriented, Dionysian but without depth and without Apollonian control.

His name is Praisegod Piepsam, and he is rather fully described as to his clothing and physiognomy in a way which relates him to a sinister type in the author's repertory -- he is a forerunner of those enigmatic strangers in `` Death In Venice '', for example, who represent some combination of cadaver, exotic, and psychopomp.

Gustaf Vasa is a superb example, and Charles 10,, the conqueror of Denmark, hardly less so.

For example, suppose a man wearing a $200 watch, driving a 1959 Rolls Royce, stops to ask a man on the sidewalk, `` What time is it ''??

In the extreme and oversimplified example suggested in Figure 3, the organization is more easily understood and more predictable in behavior.

The assumptions upon which the example shown in Figure 3 is based are: ( A ) One man can direct about six subordinates if the subordinates are chosen carefully so that they do not need too much personal coaching, indoctrinating, etc..

This is an unsolved problem which probably has never been seriously investigated, although one frequently hears the comment that we have insufficient specialists of the kind who can compete with the Germans or Swiss, for example, in precision machinery and mathematics, or the Finns in geochemistry.

In the calm which follows the reading of a poem, for example, is the effect produced by the enforced quiet, by the musical quality of words and rhythm, by the sentiments or sense of the poem, by the associations with earlier readings, if it is familiar, by the boost to the self-esteem for the semi-literate, by the diversion of attention, by the sense of security in a legitimized withdrawal, by a kind license for some variety of fantasy life regarded as forbidden, or by half-conscious ideas about the magical power of words??

English philosopher Samuel Alexander's debt to Wordsworth and Meredith is a recent interesting example, as also A. N. Whitehead's understanding of the English romantics, chiefly Shelley and Wordsworth.

In his book Civilization And Ethics Albert Schweitzer faces the moral problems which arise when moral law is recognized in business life, for example.

Easily the best known of these three novels is The Space Merchants, a good example of a science-fiction dystopia which extrapolates much more than the impact of science on human life, though its most important warning is in this area, namely as to the use to which discoveries in the behavioral sciences may be put.

And to do this requires first of all the kind of information about people which is provided by the scientists in industrial anthropology and consumer research, who, for example, tell Courtenay that three days is the `` optimum priming period for a closed social circuit to be triggered with a catalytic cue-phrase '' -- which means that an effective propaganda technique is to send an idea into circulation and then three days later reinforce or undermine it.

One specific example is a secret `` fraternity '' which will `` coordinate anti-Communist efforts ''.

The large statue on the first floor is believed to be the statue of Pompey at the base of which Julius Caesar was stabbed to death ( if so, the statue once stood in the senate house ).

As you approach the church on the Via D. Baullari you are passing within yards of the remains of the Roman Theatre of Pompey, near which is believed to have been the place where Julius Caesar was assassinated.

* 356, Battle of Reims — Caesar Julian is defeated by the Alemanni

In this story, Romulus Augustus marries Igraine, and King Arthur is their son, and the sword of Julius Caesar becomes the legendary Excalibur in Britain.

Using the biblical Book of Revelation as a point of departure, Caesar Antichrist presents a parallel world of extreme formal symbolism in which Christ is resurrected not as an agent of spirituality but as an agent of the Roman Empire that seeks to dominate spirituality.

This is especially true of success in the face of almost certain defeat as Caesar experienced at Pharsalus.

Caesar himself mentions few place-names ; and although the battle is called after Pharsalos, four ancient writers – the author of the Bellum Alexandrinum ( 48. 1 ), Frontinus ( Strategemata 2. 3. 22 ), Eutropius ( 20 ), and Orosius ( 6. 15. 27 ) – place it specifically at Palaepharsalos.

“ A visit to the ground has only confirmed me ,” Lucas wrote in 1921 ; “ and it was interesting to find that Mr. Apostolides, son of the large local landowner, the hospitality of whose farm at Tekés I enjoyed, was convinced too that the site was by Driskole Krini, for the very sound reason that neither the hills nor the river further east suit Caesar ’ s description .” John D. Morgan in his definitive “ Palae-pharsalus – the Battle and the Town ”, arguing for a site closer still to Krini, where he places Palaepharsalos, writes: “ My reconstruction is similar to Lucas ’ s, and in fact I borrow one of his alternatives for the line of the Pompeian retreat.

Ariovistus of the Suebi is reported to have done the same thing in his battle against Julius Caesar.

Caesar seems to be one of the first authors to distinguish the two groups, and he has a political motive for doing so ( it is an argument in favour of the Rhine border ).

For example: if five ancient historians, none of whom knew each other, all claim that Julius Caesar seized power in Rome in 49 BCE, this is strong evidence in favor of that event occurring even if each individual historian is only partially reliable.

Donn is regarded as the father of the Irish race ; a position similar to that of Dis Pater and the Gauls, as noted by Julius Caesar.

Likewise, Jesus Christ proclaims in the Gospel of Matthew that one should " Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's "; that is at first, literally, the payment of taxes as binding those who use the imperial currency, but more widely interpreted as the offer of obedience and submission to the proclaimed worldly king () in matters not contrary to conscience.

In this tradition Julius Caesar is sometimes described as the first Caesar / emperor ( following Suetonius ).

This is one of the most enduring titles, Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of Caesar Augustus to Tsar Symeon II of Bulgaria's removal from the throne in 1946.

The writer who apparently introduced the name Germani into the corpus of classical literature is Julius Caesar.

Gauls are associated with Celtic languages, and the term Germani is associated with Germanic languages, but Caesar did not mention language.

* 44 BC: Julius Caesar is murdered.

Caesar is the only narrative source for this episode, as the corresponding books of Livy ’ s histories are only preserved in the Periochae, short summarising lists of contents, in which hostages given by the Romans, but no yoke, are mentioned.

The nobleman Orgetorix is presented as the instigator of a new Helvetian migration, in which the entire tribe was to leave their territory and, according to Caesar, to establish a supremacy over all of Gaul.

The nature of Caesar ’ s arrangement with the Helvetii and the other tribes is not further specified by the consul himself, but in his speech

The rediscovered Greek city of Buthrotum () ( modern-day Butrint ), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is probably more significant today than it was when Julius Caesar used it as a provisions depot for his troops during his campaigns in the 1st century BC.