Beyond the Bible, considerable conjecture has been put forward over the centuries in the form of Christian and Rabbinic tradition, but such accounts are dismissed by modern scholars as speculative and apocryphal.

This work has opened up many Rabbinic documents to scholars of other fields unfamiliar with Hebrew and Aramaic.

Some scholars have questioned Neusner's grasp of Rabbinic Hebrew and Aramaic.

Originally she was believed to be either Rabbi Meir's wife mentioned above, or Rabbi Chaninyah's daughter mentioned above, however over the past 3-4 centuries Rabbinic scholars have realized that these generations do not correspond to Beruryah's law decisions, and life, therefore she today is just ' Beruryah ' and of heretofore unknown lineage.

After the Bar Kochba Revolt, Rabbinic scholars gathered in Tiberias and Safed to re-assemble and re-assess Judaism, its laws, theology, liturgy, beliefs and leadership structure.

Some scholars suggest that the major impetus for the formation of Karaism was a reaction to the rapid rise of Shi ' a Islam, which recognized Judaism as a fellow monotheistic faith, but claimed that it detracted from monotheism by deferring to Rabbinic authority.

Conversely, mastery of Rabbinic literature and Talmud could be found in both camps, as scholars were also attracted to Hasidic philosophy.

Until the days of Hillel and Shammai ( the last generation of the Zugot ), there were few disagreements among Rabbinic scholars.

Rabbinic Judaism's scholars, such as Maimonides, write that people who deny the divine authority of the Oral Torah are to be considered among the heretics.

Modern scholars place normative Rabbinic Judaism after the time of Jesus, see also School of Jamnia.

Some Rabbinic scholars maintain that Job was in fact one of three advisors that Pharaoh consulted, prior to taking action against the increasingly multiplying " Children of Israel " mentioned in the Book of Exodus during the time of Moses ' birth.

No copies of this text are extant today, except for quotes in the polemics of Rabbinic and Karaite Jewish scholars of that time period.

Rabbinic scholars subsequent to the Shulkhan Arukh are generally known as " Acharonim (" the latter ones ").

Some modern scholars question whether the Great Assembly ever existed as an institution as such ; Rabbi Louis Jacobs, while not endorsing this view, remarks that " references in the Rabbinic literature to the Men of the Great Synagogue can be taken to mean that ideas, rules, and prayers, seen to be pre-Rabbinic but post-biblical, were often fathered upon them ".

Some scholars do feel that this may be wordplay related to the Rabbinic use of salt as a metaphor for intelligence.

The simple, unlettered folk could reach this directly through their heartfelt sincerity, while elite scholars were attracted to Hasidism as they saw in its thought a new soulful dimension to previous Rabbinic and Kabbalistic interpretation.

Other examples of late Biblical Hebrew include the qetAl pattern form nouns, which would have dated after an Aramaic influence, the frequent use of the relative sh (- ש ) alongside asher ( אשר ), the Ut ending ( ות -), the frequent use of the participle for the present ( which is later developed in Rabbinic Hebrew ), using the prefix conjugation in the future ( vs. the older preterite use ), and terms that appear to specifically fit a Persian / Hellenistic context ( e. g. Shallit ).

Rabbinic Judaism ( which derives from the Pharisees ) has always held that the books of the Torah ( called the written law ) have always been transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition.

Rabbi Bradley Artson, Dean of the Rabbinic School at American Jewish University claims to have studied every reference he could find to homosexual activity mentioned in ancient Greek and Latin writers.

Rabbinic tradition holds that the people cited in both Talmuds did not have a hand in its writings ; rather, their teachings were edited into a rough form around 450 CE ( Talmud Yerushalmi ) and 550 CE ( Talmud Bavli.

Rabbinic Jews of varying communities have affiliated with the Karaite community throughout the millennia.

However, despite Rabbinic Judaism deviating from the plain meaning of the Torah, Karaite Jews recognize Rabbinic Jews who have unbroken patrilineal Jewish descent, as Jewish, and eligible to join Karaite Judaism without a conversion.

He claims that the complete rejection of Judaism would not have been tolerated under the Hasmonean rule and therefore Hellenists maintained that they were rejecting not Judaism but Rabbinic law.

Thus, the Rabbis had significant means of " coercion " and the people seem to have followed the Rabbinic rulership.

Sanders ) reject the New Testament suggestion that the healing would have been critical of, or criticized by, the Pharisees as no surviving Rabbinic source questions or criticizes this practice.

No Rabbinic rule has been found according to which Jesus would have violated Sabbath.

There are records of what may have been of attempts to reform the Sanhedrin in Arabia, in Jerusalem under the Caliph ' Umar, and in Babylon ( Iraq ), but none of these attempts were given any attention by Rabbinic authorities and little information is available about them.

Philosophical speculation was not a central part of Rabbinic Judaism, although some have seen the Mishnah as a philosophical work.

In some Rabbinic traditions Ishmael is said to have had two wives ; one of them named Aisha.

* 2010: The International Rabbinic Fellowship, a fellowship of about 150 Orthodox rabbis, adopted a resolution stating that properly trained Orthodox Jewish women should have the opportunity to serve as " teachers of Torah ", " persons who can answer questions and provide guidance to both men and women in all areas of Jewish law in which they are well-versed ", " clergy who function as pastoral counselors ", " spiritual preachers and guides who teach classes and deliver divrei Torah and derashot, in the synagogue and out, both during the week and on Shabbatot and holidays ", " spiritual guides and mentors helping arrange and managing life-cycle events such as weddings, bar-and bat-mitzvah celebrations and funerals, while refraining from engaging in those aspects of these events that Halakha does not allow for women to take part in " and " presidents and full members of the boards of synagogues and other Torah institutions "; the resolution does not, however, mention whether these women should or can be ordained or what titles they can hold.

Roughly, this category is for written works by which Rabbinic Judaism, or at least organized religious groups within it, have defined their religious philosophy or their religious practice.

Many of the legalistic terms and concepts found in Rabbinic literature have antecedents in the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The belief in a resurrected Messiah is unacceptable to Jews today and to Rabbinic Judaism, and Jewish authorities have long used this fact to explain the break between Judaism and Christianity.

For example, the phono-semantic matcher of English dock with Israeli מבדוק mivdók could have used — after deliberately choosing the phonetically and semantically suitable root בדק ( bdq ) meaning ' check ' ( Rabbinic ) or ' repair ' ( Biblical ) — the noun-patterns mi ⌂⌂ a ⌂ á, ma ⌂⌂ e ⌂ á, mi ⌂⌂ é ⌂ et, mi ⌂⌂ a ⌂ áim etc.

For Michelangelo and Andrea Mantegna they still have sharp corners ( see gallery ), and are about the size found in Rabbinic tradition.

Attempts have been made to reinterpret the historical evidence to agree with the Rabbinic tradition, however this approach to the discrepancy is problematic.

The intensity of debate spurred Catholic Church interventions against " heresy " and even a general confiscation of Rabbinic texts and in reaction, the defeat of the more radical interpretations of Maimonides and at least amongst Ashkenazi Jews, a tendency not so much to repudiate as simply to ignore the specifically philosophical writings and to stress instead the Rabbinic and halachic writings ; even these writings often included considerable philosophical chapters or discussions in support of halachic observance, as David Hartman observes Maimonides made clear " the traditional support for a philosophical understanding of God both in the Aggadah of Talmud and in the behavior of the hasid pious Jew " and so Maimonidean thought continues to influence traditionally observant Jews.

Rabbinic literature traditionally maintains that the institution of employing parchment made of animal hides for the writing of ritual objects such as the Torah, mezuzah, and tefillin is Sinaitic in origin, with special designations for different types of parchment such as gevil and klaf.

Rabbinic Judaism teaches that the Tetragrammaton ( י-ה-ו-ה ), YHWH, is the ineffable and actual name of God, and as such is not read aloud in the Shema but is traditionally replaced with אדני, Adonai (" Lord ").

These teachings are thus held by followers in Judaism to define the inner meaning of both the Hebrew Bible and traditional Rabbinic literature, their formerly concealed transmitted dimension, as well as to explain the significance of Jewish religious observances.

He was one of the most influential Rabbinic authorities since the Middle Ages, and — although he is counted among the sages known as the Acharonim — he is held by many authorities after him as belonging to the Rishonim ( Rabbinic authorities of the Middle Ages ).

Traditional Rabbinic teachings and current Orthodox thought has held that the Messiah will be an anointed one ( messiah ), who will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel and usher in an era of peace.

Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik held that a separation of men and women is Biblically required, while the physical mechitza was required by Rabbinic decree.

In this context, the widely held view in Rabbinic literature is that the aggadah is in fact a medium for the transmission of fundamental teachings ( Homiletic Sayings-מאמרים לימודיים ) or for explanations of verses in the Tanakh ( Exegetic Sayings-מאמרים ביאוריים ).

This is unlikely given the esteem in which he was held by Rabbinic authors and the fact that Khazar king's Judaism was almost certainly not Karaite.