An electron must absorb or emit specific amounts of energy to transition between these fixed orbits.

Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of the transition state, thereby catalyzing the formation of an otherwise less-favorable molecular intermediate between reactants and products.

Upon ejection the kinetic energy of the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial electronic transition and the ionization energy for the electron shell from which the Auger electron was ejected.

The ratio between the value of the energy gap at zero temperature and the value of the superconducting transition temperature ( expressed in energy units ) takes the universal value of 3. 5, independent of material.

This changes the way the ensemble works its way between dramatic moments of transition and climactic sections: the music flows smoothly and without obvious interruption.

The climate in this transition zone between the desert and the southern soudanian zone is divided into a rainy season ( from June to early September ) and a dry period ( from October to May ).

The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic belt extends across the middle of the country from east to west, and is the transition zone between the coastal forests and the interior savannas.

Interaction between the two is quantum mechanically a " forbidden transition ", i. e. possible with a very low probability.

It decreases the kinetic barrier by decreasing the difference in energy between starting material and transition state.

A common shortcoming of these classification schemes is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature.

The stationary points of the surface lead to predictions of different isomers and the transition structures for conversion between isomers, but these can be determined without a full knowledge of the complete surface.

When a transition between user mode and kernel mode is required in an operating system, a context switch is not necessary ; a mode transition is not by itself a context switch.

The transition to the torsion catapults, which are not considered crossbows and came to dominate Greek and Roman artillery design is first evident in inventories of the Athenian arsenal from between 338 and 326 BC.

The Marxist view of history is that history is governed by universal laws and that according to these laws, a society moves through a series of stages with the transition between stages being driven by class struggle.

The Copper Age was originally defined as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.

The transition from the European Copper Age to Bronze Age Europe occurs about the same time, between the late 5th and the late 3rd millennia BC.

This counter will increment once for every clock cycle and takes two clock cycles to overflow, so every cycle it will alternate between a transition from 0 to 1 and a transition from 1 to 0.

So the spacing, and the energy of a typical spectroscopic transition, between vibrational energy levels is about 100 times greater than that of a typical transition between rotational energy levels.

This lasted roughly between the establishment of Zaire in 1971, and the official beginning of the transition towards democracy, on 24 April 1990.

Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations.

`` The committee continues to feel that Florida has progressed in a sound and equitable program at both the state and local levels in its efforts to review and assess transition problems as they arise from time to time in the entire spectrum of civil rights ''.

While the transition to a market economy proved difficult, many of the post-Soviet states have been experiencing strong, resource-based economic growth in recent years, though the levels vary substantially.

A country may reach very low levels of forest cover before it stabilizes, or it might through good policies be able to “ bridge ” the forest transition.

The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.

The Reynolds number delimiting laminar and turbulent flow depends on the particular flow geometry, and moreover, the transition from laminar flow to turbulence can be sensitive to disturbance levels and imperfections present in a given configuration.

* 1960 October 14The 11th CGPM defines the metre to be equal to 1, 650, 763. 73 wavelengths in a vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p and 5d quantum levels of the krypton-86 atom.

Under the International System of Units ( via the International Committee for Weights and Measures, or CIPM ), since 1967 the second has been defined as the duration of periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.

Most industrialized countries and some central European economies in transition ( all defined as Annex B countries ) agreed to legally binding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of an average of 6 to 8 % below 1990 levels between the years 2008 – 2012, defined as the first emissions budget period.

the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.

The stages of the menopause transition have been classified according to a woman ’ s reported bleeding pattern, supported by changes in the pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH ) levels.

However, the menopause transition is characterized by marked, and often dramatic, variations in FSH and estradiol levels, and because of this, measurements of these hormones are not considered to be reliable guides to a woman's exact menopausal status.

During the menopause transition years, as the body responds to the rapidly fluctuating and dropping levels of natural hormones, a number of effects may appear.

Effects that are due to low estrogen levels ( for example vaginal atrophy and skin drying ) will continue after the menopause transition years are over ; however, many effects that are caused by the extreme fluctuations in hormone levels ( for example hot flashes and mood changes ) usually disappear or improve significantly once the perimenopause transition is completely over.

Study of muonic atoms ' energy levels as well as transition rates from excited states to the ground state therefore provide experimental tests of quantum electrodynamics.

In this expression, W < sub > c, v </ sub >( E ) represents the product of the Brillouin zone-averaged transition probability at the energy E with the joint density of states, J < sub > c, v </ sub >( E ); φ is a broadening function, representing the role of scattering in smearing out the energy levels.

* 108. 7827757 picoseconds – transition time between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom at absolute zero

The transition from thin walled to thick walled design takes place at the 300-400 KeV energy levels.

each situation must be studied and a plan developed that takes into consideration such factors as the effect of the existing and prospective tax calendars, the financial condition of the treasuries, and the length of the transition interval.

One might have expected that such a violent epoch of transition would have destroyed the creative flair of a composer, especially one whose works were so fluent and spontaneous.

The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Indo-European and Semitic-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking ( Although some ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Georgians retained Christianity and their native languages ).

Nevertheless, there are still important problems in basic aerodynamic theory, such as in predicting transition to turbulence, and the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations.

Great bonfires would mark a time of purification and transition, heralding in the season in the hope of a good harvest later in the year, and were accompanied with ritual acts to protect the people from any harm by Otherworldly spirits, such as the Aos Sí.

Phase transition refers to the change of phase of a system, which are brought about by change in an external parameter such as temperature.

Systems undergoing phase transition display critical behavior, wherein several of their properties such as correlation length, specific heat and susceptibility diverge.

However, several important phase transitions, such as the Mott insulator-superfluid transition, are known that do not follow the Ginzburg-Landau paradigm.

Of particular importance in heterogeneous catalysis are the platinum group metals and other transition metals, which are used in hydrogenations, catalytic reforming and in the synthesis of commodity chemicals such as nitric acid and ammonia.

The earliest radiocarbon determinations obtained from key sites such as Oakbank in Loch Tay or Redcastle, Beauly Firth approach the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition at their widest interpretation at 2 sigma or 95. 4 % probability, falling after c. 800BC and therefore could only be considered Late Bronze Age by the narrowest of margins.

Reasons for this transition was productive uses for such monitors, i. e. besides widescreen computer game play and movie viewing, are the word processor display of two standard letter pages side by side, as well as CAD displays of large-size drawings and CAD application menus at the same time.

The wholescale clearance of woodland to create agricultural land can be seen in many parts of the world, such as the Central forest-grasslands transition and other areas of the Great Plains of the United States.

Changes in economic conditions are inevitable ; and even if they were not, the transition to socialism would be so chaotic as to preclude the existence of such a steady state from the start.

Charged particles in a stationary state do not move, but a superposition of such states may result in transition state which has an electric dipole moment that oscillates in time.

To do this the tissue is passed through a ' transition solvent ' such as Propylene oxide ( epoxypropane ) and then infiltrated with an epoxy resin such as Araldite, Epon, or Durcupan ; tissues may also be embedded directly in water-miscible acrylic resin.

* Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory for cluster compounds, including transition metals and main group elements such as boron including Wade's rules for polyhedral cluster compounds, including transition metals and main group elements and mixtures thereof.

At best this kind of transition had previously been dealt with by having the directions of travel of the actor in the two shots correspond on the screen, but in a film such as The Bank Burglar's Fate ( Jack Adolfi, 1914 ), one can see shot transitions in which a cut is made from an actor just leaving the frame, to a shot of him well inside the frame in an adjoining location, which have the positions and directions so well chosen that to the casual eye his movement appears quite continuous, and the real space and time ellipsis between the shots is concealed.

where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range.

However, the glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous.

The above does not apply to materials that have a glass transition temperature close to room temperature, such as certain plastics used in daily life like polystyrene and polypropylene.

In 1899, the banana industry in Honduras was growing rapidly and the peaceful transfer of power from Policarpo Bonilla to General Terencio Sierra would mark the first time in decades that such a constitutional transition had taken place.

In protocolary terms, states are distinguished as monarchy or republic depending on the style ( and usually mode of accession, see below ) of their head of state, a typical constitutional provision, but as such this is not defining for the actual political system, which often evolves significantly, or can remain unaltered in other respects despite a transition from monarchy to republic ( or, rarer, vice versa ).