Little is known of Ratramnus ’ life, but some have suggested that he became the teaching master at the Benedictine monastery of Corbie in 844, when Paschasius Radbertus was made abbot.

In this book, Ratramnus advocated a spiritual view in which the bread and the wine of the Eucharist represent Christ ’ s body and blood figuratively and serve as a remembrance of him, but are not truly ( perceptible by the senses ) Christ ’ s body and blood in truth.

On account of this, Willemein Otten has challenged the traditional interpretation of Paschasius and Ratramnus ’ different positions as a “ controversy .”

Ratramnus likely first encountered Gottschalk during the wandering teacher ’ s stay at the monastery of Corbie around 830, and later supported him in his conflict with archbishop Hincmar of Rheims.

In 851, John Scotus Eriugena was commissioned to oppose Gottschalk ’ s teaching, but his work, Treatise on Divine Predestination, essentially denied any form of predestination whatsoever, a denial which raised the ire of Ratramnus and Florus of Lyon.

Late in Ratramnus ’ life, he responded to the Photian schism of 863-7 between Eastern and Western Christianity over the appointment of Photius as Patriarch of Constantinople.

In another show of support for Gottschalk, Ratramnus composed a short collection of patristic texts in favor of Gottschalk ’ s Trinitarian formulation of trina deitas against Hincmar of Rheims ’ proposed summa deitas.

Ratramnus wrote another treatise, The Birth of Christ, possibly as a response to Paschasius ’ De Partu Virginis.

In this work, Ratramnus defended the idea that Christ ’ s birth from the Virgin Mary occurred in the natural human way, so as to not detract from Christ ’ s real human nature.

On a whole, Ratramnus ’ works have been described by medieval scholar Giulio D ' Onofrio as marked by a careful methodological clarity and consistency possibly modeled on Boethius ’ Answer to Eutyches.

At some point, Ratramnus ’ Eucharistic work De corpora et sanguine Domini came to be identified as the work of John Scotus Eriugena.

Around 1100, further confusion arose when Ratramnus ’ name was mistakenly copied in some works as Bertramus, a mistake which endured even into the 19th century.

In the 16th century, Ratramnus ’ work once more became the center of controversy.

“ Ratramnus of Corbie ’ s Use of the Fathers in his Treatise De corpora et sanguine Domini .” Studia Patristica 17, no.

Ratramnus was also known for his defense of the monk Gottschalk, whose theology of double predestination was the center of much controversy in 9th century France and Germany.

In his own time, Ratramnus was perhaps best known for his Against the Objections of the Greeks who Slandered the Roman Church, a response to the Photian schism and defense of the filioque addition to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed.

His doctrine was sharply attacked by Ratramnus and Rabanus Maurus, who opposed his emphatic realism, which was sometimes marred by unfortunate comparisons and illustrations, and proposed a more spiritual conception of the Divine presence.

Wala's death in 836 brought yet another abbot to Corbie, Ratramnus, who held opposing views to Paschasius on a number of ecclesiastical issues.

The view Paschasius expressed in this work was met with some hostility ; Ratramnus, who preceded Paschasius as Abbot of Corbie, wrote a rebuttal by the same name, by order of Charles the Bald, who did not agree with some of the views Paschasius held.

:" Protestants came to emphasize the figurative interpretation of the eucharist in Ratramnus, which put him in line with their largely commemorative reading of this sacrament, while the Catholics were at pains to show that Ratramnus was nevertheless a faithful son of the church, that is: their Roman Catholic church.

It was to the emperor, then, that Ratramnus addressed his work, also entitled De corpore et sanguine Domini.

In response, Ratramnus composed the two-book work On the Predestination of God ( De Praedestinatione Dei ), in which he defended double predestination, while objecting to the notion of predestination to sin.

* Ratramnus ( d. 866 )

* Ratramnus writes Contra Graecorum Opposita.

Probably in the early part of 1050, Berengar addressed a letter to Lanfranc, then prior of Bec Abbey in Normandy, in which he expressed his regret that Lanfranc adhered to the eucharistic teaching of Paschasius and considered the treatise of Ratramnus on the subject ( which Berengar supposed to have been written by Johannes Scotus Eriugena ) to be heretical.

Ratramnus, ( died c. AD 870 ) a Frankish monk of the monastery of Corbie, was a Carolingian theologian known best for his writings on the Eucharist and predestination.

When Charles the Bald visited Corbie in 843, he apparently met Ratramnus and requested an explanation of the Eucharist.

Ratramnus used the same two terms ( figura and veritas ) to describe the Eucharist as Paschasius, but used them differently.

In the 840s and 50s, Ratramnus became involved in the controversy over the teachings of Gottschalk of Orbais ( ca.

Additionally, Ratramnus wrote an odd Letter on the Dog-headed Creatures, dissenting from the commonly-held belief that the mythical cynocephali were animals.

Ratramnus wrote two treatises on the soul, upholding traditional Augustinian psychology.

In The Book on the Soul, Ratramnus argued that a soul cannot be universal, only individual.

A social movement that was individualist, egalitarian and perfectionist grew to a political democratic majority attacking slavery, and slavery ’ s defense in the Southern pre-industrial traditional society brought the two sides to war.

Furthermore, Linda & Morris Tannehill argue that no coercive monopoly of force can arise on a truly free market and that a government's citizenry can ’ t desert them in favor of a competent protection and defense agency.

Andrew Carnegie ’ s political and economic focus of during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the defense of laissez faire economics.

It is has been argued that Luke may be writing: a letter of apology ( traditionally a defense for one ’ s beliefs ), a letter of legitimation for Christian beliefs, a letter to equip the church to function amidst the Roman Empire, or a letter that is apolitical.

Some scholars believe that the apologetic view of Luke ’ s work is overemphasized and that it should not be regarded as a “ major aim of the Lucan writings .” While Munck believes that purpose of Luke ’ s work is not that clear-cut and sympathizes with other claims, he believes that Luke ’ s work can function as an apology only in the sense that it “ presents a defense of Christianity and Paul ” and may serve to “ clarify the position of Christianity within Jewry and within the Roman Empire .” Pervo disagrees that Luke ’ s work is an apology and even that it could possibly be addressed to Rome because he believes that “ Luke and Acts speak to insiders, believers in Jesus .” Freedman believes that Luke is writing an apology but that his goal is “ not to defend the Christian movement as such but to defend God ’ s ways in history .”

A plant ’ s first line of defense against abiotic stress is in its roots.

The major turn in Sakharov ’ s political evolution came in 1967, when anti-ballistic missile defense became a key issue in US – Soviet relations.

In Acts of the Apostles, Ephesian metal smiths who felt threatened by Saint Paul ’ s preaching of Christianity, jealously rioted in her defense, shouting “ Great is Diana of the Ephesians !” ( Acts 19: 28, New English Bible ).

*" In Defense of Food Writing: A Reader ’ s Manifesto " A defense of the genre by Eric LeMay based on Michael Pollan's In Defense of Food.

A controversial aspect of imperialism is the imperial power ’ s defense and justification of such actions.

Harvey A. Silverglate, a prominent defense attorney who represented Milken during the appellate process, disputes that view in his book Three Felonies a Day: “ Milken ’ s biggest problem was that some of his most ingenious but entirely lawful maneuvers were viewed, by those who initially did not understand them, as felonious, precisely because they were novel – and often extremely profitable .”

Lactating females will kill the offspring of a related female both to decrease competition for the female ’ s offspring and for increased foraging area due to a decrease in territorial defense by the victimized mother.

In his annual message to Congress at the close of 1797, President John Adams reported on France ’ s refusal to negotiate and spoke of the need " to place our country in a suitable posture of defense.

That same year, he was also elected to the Board of Directors of Northrop Grumman Corporation, the world ’ s third largest defense contractor.

In the ensuing years, Yemen ’ s government attempted to implement recommended reforms — reducing the civil service payroll, eliminating diesel and other subsidies, lowering defense spending, introducing a general sales tax, and privatizing state-run industries.

Yemen ’ s defense budget, which in 2006 represented approximately 40 percent of the total government budget, is expected to remain high for the near term, as the military draft takes effect and internal security threats continue to escalate.

Yemen ’ s defense spending has historically been one of the government ’ s three largest expenditures and is expected to remain high as a result of the reinstatement of conscription and security threats posed by terrorism and tribal conflict.

* Enhance the nation ’ s defense ;

In response to this, China continues to modernize its nuclear forces because its leaders are concerned about the survivability of their arsenal in the face of the United States ’ advances in strategic reconnaissance, precision strike, and missile defense.

Attack by Combination ( A. B. C ) Attack by combination is a series of punches and or kicks that follows a particular sequence to create openings or “ Setups ” in your opponent ’ s defense.