The Western natural border of Franconia is formed by the Spessart and Rhön Mountains, separating it from the former Rhenish Franconian lands around Aschaffenburg ( officially part of Lower Franconia ), where Hessian dialects are spoken.

Rhenish Franconia ( Rheinfranken ) was the western half of the historic duchy of Franconia, immediately east of the Rhine.

The Popponids had been favoured by Charles the Fat, but Arnulf reversed this policy in favour of the rival family of the Conradines from the Lahngau in Rhenish Franconia.

Rhenish Franconia became the cradle of the Salian Dynasty which brought forth four German Kings and Holy Roman Emperors.

Zwiebelkuchen, which literally means onion cake in the German language, is either a one-crust pie made of steamed onions, diced bacon, cream, and caraway seeds on a yeast dough or a leavened dough that is particularly popular in the German wine-growing regions mostly of Rhenish Hesse, the Palatinate, Franconia, Baden and Swabia ( a similar pie called Flammkuchen is also eaten in Alsace ), or a quiche variant in Switzerland, traditionally eaten in Basel during the Carnival and in Bern for the Zibelemärit.

The entrance of the Stadtisches Gesangverein ( Bonn's civic chorus ) was worth all the waiting, however, as the young Rhenish voices finally brought the music to life.

In 1495, Basel was incorporated in the Upper Rhenish Imperial Circle ; the Bishop of Basel was added to the Bench of the Ecclesiastical Princes.

The modern jury trial was first introduced in the Rhenish provinces in 1798, with a court consisting most commonly of 12 citizens ().

Joachim von Ribbentrop was born in Wesel, Rhenish Prussia, to Richard Ulrich Friedrich Joachim Ribbentrop, a career army officer, and his wife, Johanne Sophie Hertwig.

Konrad Adenauer was born as the third of five children of Johann Konrad Adenauer ( 1833 – 1906 ) and his wife Helene ( née Scharfenberg ; 1849 – 1919 ) in Cologne, Rhenish Prussia.

Saar was a province formed from parts of Prussia and the Rhenish Palatinate and placed under League control by the Treaty of Versailles.

One version of the pledges was written in the Rhenish Franconian dialect of Old High German.

It was formed from the northern part of the French Occupation Zone, which included parts of Bavaria ( the Rhenish Palatinate ), the southern parts of the Prussian Rhine Province ( including the District of Birkenfeld which formerly belonged to Oldenburg ), parts of the Prussian Province of Nassau ( see Hesse-Nassau ), and parts of Hesse-Darmstadt ( Rhinehessen on the western banks of the Rhine ); the constitution was legally confirmed by referendum on 18 May 1947.

( d. 973 ) both banks of the Rhine had become part of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Rhenish territory was divided between the duchies of Upper Lorraine, on the Mosel, and Lower Lorraine on the Meuse.

At the peace of Basel in 1795 the whole of the left bank of the Rhine was resigned to France, and in 1806 the Rhenish princes all joined the Confederation of the Rhine.

The Electoral Palatinate was a much larger territory than what later became known as the Rhenish Palatinate ( Rheinpfalz ), on the left bank of the Rhine, and is now the modern region of the Palatinate in the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate and parts of the French region of Alsace ( bailiwick of Seltz from 1418 to 1766 ).

As this region was politically connected to the Rhenish Palatinate, the name Upper Palatinate () became common from the early 16th century in contrast to the Lower Palatinate along the Rhine.

Gifts or promises had won the support of the Rhenish and Swabian towns ; a marriage alliance secured the friendship of the Habsburgs ; and an alliance with Rudolf II of Bavaria, Count Palatine of the Rhine, was obtained when Charles, who had become a widower in 1348, married his daughter Anna.

In the German regions on the left bank of the Rhine ( Rhenish Palatinate and Prussian Rhine Province ), the former Duchy of Berg and the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Napoleonic code was in use until the introduction of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch in 1900 as the first common civil code for the entire German Empire.

In 1913 the London Missionary Society responded to the appeal of the To Tsai Church to provide a Headmaster for the project, sending Arnold Hughes to Hong Kong, and the college was re-opened as a middle school in 1914 in rented premises, first at 9 Caine Road, later at 45 Caine Road, and finally at 80 Bonham Road ( a former German Rhenish Mission property ).

( d. 973 ) both banks of the Rhine had become part of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Rhenish territory was divided between the duchies of Upper Lorraine, on the Mosel, and Lower Lorraine on the Meuse.

( The Electoral Rhenish Circle, of which Electoral Palatinate was a part, is shaded on the map.

This was very soon imitated elsewhere and became the model for later Rhenish octagonal crossing domes, such as those of Worms Cathedral ( c. 1120-1181 ) and Mainz Cathedral ( c. 1081-1239 ).

The city was a member of the league of the Rhenish cities which rose in the 13th century.

He was born at Leichlingen, in Rhenish Prussia, where his father was a Lutheran pastor.

Ezzo ( – 21 March 1034 ), sometimes called Ehrenfried, Count Palatine of Lotharingia of the Ezzonen dynasty, brother-in-law of Emperor Otto III, father of Queen Richeza of Poland and many other illustrious children, is undoubtedly one of the most important figures of the Rhenish History of his time.

The Rhenish dynasty has had close ties to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia since 1736.

On 1 June, Marx started publication of the daily Neue Rheinische Zeitung (" New Rhenish Newspaper "), which he helped to finance through his recent inheritance from his father.

The town lies roughly centrally in a basin within the Rhenish Slate Mountains which is surrounded by the low ranges of the Taunus and Westerwald and called the Limburg Basin ( Limburger Becken ).

The congress of Vienna assigned the whole of the lower Rhenish districts to Prussia, which had the tact to leave them in undisturbed possession of the liberal institutions they had become accustomed to under the republican rule of the French.

Geomorphologically, the Westerwald belongs to the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge ( Rhenish Slate Mountains ), which forms the greater part of that range ’ s eastern half on the Rhine ’ s right bank.

He was glad, therefore, hastily to follow the invitation of Johann von Dalberg ( 1445 – 1503 ), the scholarly bishop of Worms, and flee to Heidelberg, which was then the seat of the " Rhenish Society.

However, the city's coat of arms displays three clovers, ( German " Klee ") which is comparable to the pronunciation of Kleve in the Low Rhenish dialect and in Dutch, " Kleef ".

It was of the greatest importance for the history of German thought that, by systematically studying the French Revolution, a Rhenish Liberal attempted to overturn the influence which the revolutionary legend, expounded by French writers, had exerted over the German mind ; and the book played an essential part in the influences which led to the formation of a National Liberal school of thought.

A unique case was the Golden Bull of 1356 ( issued by Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia ), recognizing the Margrave of Brandenburg as an elector of the Holy Roman Empire, membership of the highest college within the Imperial diet carrying the politically significant privilege of being the sole electors of the non-hereditary Emperor, which was previously de facto restricted to dukes and three prince-archbishops ( Cologne, Mainz and Trier ); other non-ducal lay members would be the King of Bohemia and the Palatine of the Rhenish Electorate of the Palatinate.

:: Rhenish helm spires: This is a four-sided spire which rises ,, not from a horizontal base but from between four high steep gables, rising from the four sides of the tower.

He began a republican journal called Das rote Blatt, and afterwards Rubezahl, in which he strongly condemned the administration of the Rhenish provinces by France.

In his 1906 Reminiscences, Carl Schurz recalls the annual " bird shoot " pageant of the Rhenish town of Liblar which was sponsored by the Saint Sebastian Society, a club of sharpshooters and their sponsors to which nearly every adult member of town belonged.

Augereau took little part in the coup d ' état of Brumaire ( November 1799 ), and did not distinguish himself in the Rhenish campaign which ensued.

In Saxony, this led to the May Uprising in Dresden, in the Bavarian part of the Rhenish Palatinate to the Pfälzer Aufstand, a rising during which revolutionaries gained the de facto governmental power.

In 1965, after the Rhenish Mission had gradually scaled down their activities in Southern Africa over a period of 40 years, a decision was taken that Wupperthal in future should become part of the Moravian Church, which by that stage had already made the transition from a mission to an autonomous church in South Africa.

In spite of the arrangement with the Union, Tilly then devastated the Rhenish Palatinate, and in February 1623 Maximilian was formally invested with the electoral dignity and the attendant office of imperial steward, which had been enjoyed since 1356 by the Counts Palatine of the Rhine.

The northern foothills of the Rhenish Massif are characterised by the distinctive rock formation of the bare mountain slopes through which run coal-bearing layers which formed during the carboniferous period.