According to Richard Dawkins, a distinction between agnosticism and atheism is unwieldy and depends on how close to zero we are willing to rate the probability of existence for any given god-like entity.

Richard Dawkins in his book River Out of Eden used the computer bootstrapping concept to explain how biological cells differentiate: " Different cells receive different combinations of chemicals, which switch on different combinations of genes, and some genes work to switch other genes on or off.

Why this should have happened is, to me, the most profound mystery facing modern biology " Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene.

According to Richard Dawkins in his book The Ancestor's Tale, chimps and bonobos may be descended from Australopithecus.

In the United Kingdom the term often retains its positive sense as a reference to natural selection, and for example Richard Dawkins wrote in his collection of essays A Devil's Chaplain, published in 2003, that as a scientist he is a Darwinist.

Dennett is referred to as one of the " Four Horsemen of New Atheism ", along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.

Dennett's views on evolution are identified as being strongly adaptationist, in line with his theory of the intentional stance, and the evolutionary views of biologist Richard Dawkins.

This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.

Mayr rejected the idea of a gene-centered view of evolution and starkly but politely criticized Richard Dawkins ' ideas:

* The ESS was a major element used to analyze evolution in Richard Dawkins ' bestselling 1976 book The Selfish Gene.

In The Selfish Gene, evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins writes that " Blood-feuds and inter-clan warfare are easily interpretable in terms of Hamilton's genetic theory.

" In his book The God Delusion, the biologist Richard Dawkins sharply criticized Dyson for accepting the Templeton Prize in 2000.

In The Dawkins Delusion ?, Christian theologian Alister McGrath and his wife, psychologist Joanna Collicutt McGrath, compare Richard Dawkins ' " total dogmatic conviction of correctness " to " a religious fundamentalism which refuses to allow its ideas to be examined or challenged.

Richard Dawkins has rejected the charge of " fundamentalism ," arguing that critics mistake his " passion "— which he says may match that of evangelical Christians — for an inability to change his mind.

* Richard Dawkins ' The God Delusion and Atheist Fundamentalism by Simon Watson, published in Anthropoetics XV, 2 Spring 2010

* Natural ' Knowledge ' and Natural ' Design ' by Richard Dawkins

Among its more famous critics are the evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould – notable, given the diversity of this trio's views on other scientific matters.

* Dawkins, Richard.

The word meme is a shortening ( modeled on gene ) of mimeme ( from Ancient Greek μίμημα mīmēma, " something imitated ", from μιμεῖσθαι mimeisthai, " to imitate ", from μῖμος mimos " mime ") and it was coined by the British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene ( 1976 ) as a concept for discussion of evolutionary principles in explaining the spread of ideas and cultural phenomena.

The word meme originated with Richard Dawkins ' 1976 book The Selfish Gene.

Richard Dawkins initially defined meme as a noun that " conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation ".

Richard Dawkins noted the three conditions that must exist for evolution to occur:

Although social scientists such as Max Weber sought to understand and explain religion in terms of a cultural attribute, Richard Dawkins called for a re-analysis of religion in terms of the evolution of self-replicating ideas apart from any resulting biological advantages they might bestow.

A young mountain bongo grazes. One of the reasons often cited for the popularity of the bongo as a prized hunting target was a highly-publicized hunting trip taken by Maurice Stans, an official in Richard Nixon's cabinet, to Uganda.

A clerihew much appreciated by chemists is cited in Dark Sun by Richard Rhodes regarding the inventor of the thermos bottle ( or Dewar flask ):

Among his earliest influences, Simon has cited Richard Ely ’ s economics textbook, Norman Angell ’ s The Great Illusion, and Henry George ’ s Progress and Poverty.

Richard Alan Nelson's ( 2004 ) study cited above on Tracking Propaganda to the Source: Tools for Analyzing Media Bias reports there are at least 12 methods used to analyze the existence of and quantify bias:

He cited Richard Owen's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms, and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms, matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor.

* September 3 – Evidence cited by Alison Weir in " The Princes of the Tower " ( p. 157 ) indicate that Edward V and his brother, Richard, Duke of York were murdered this night.

His lines ( quoted left ) have been cited as among the most memorable in cinematic history and are regarded by firearms historians, such as Garry James and Richard Venola, as the force which catapulted the ownership of. 44 Magnum pistols to unprecedented heights in the United States ; specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 29 carried by Harry Callahan.

Eastwood has cited Bronco Billy as being one of the most relaxed shoots of his career and biographer Richard Schickel has argued that Bronco Billy is Eastwood's most self-referential character.

In 1976, Richard Schickel cited his performance in Pitfall ( 1948 ) as a prototype of film noir in contrast with the appealing television characters for which Burr later became famous.

" However, he praised Dreyfuss and cited his Richard III scenes as " the funniest in a movie since Mel Brooks staged Springtime for Hitler.

Philip Oakey of the Human League and Richard H. Kirk of Cabaret Voltaire as well as music journalist Simon Reynolds has cited the soundtrack as an inspiration.

By the end of the 16th century, the celebrated English poet and playwright, William Shakespeare, cited the important export and notoriety of the Madeiran Malvasia castes: in Richard III the Duke of Clarence, the brother of King Edward IV selected a death by drowning in a barrel of Madeira.

The phrase democratic deficit is cited as first being used by the Young European Federalists in their Manifesto in 1977, which was drafted by Richard Corbett.

He was a contemporary of William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris, and his works are cited by Richard de Fournival, Gerard of Abbeville and Thomas Aquinas.

The political philosophies and positions of Jackson, a Cold War anti-Communist Democrat, have been cited as an influence on a number of key figures associated with neoconservatism, including Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle.

Myers is sometimes cited as the youngest-ever White House Press Secretary, however Ron Ziegler, Richard Nixon's press secretary, was 29 when he assumed the role in January 1969.

Van Zandt also cited such varied artists as Guy Clark, Muddy Waters, Mozart, The Rolling Stones, Blind Willie McTell, Tchaikovsky, Richard Dobson, and Jefferson Airplane as influences.

She had such works read to her as the Incendium Amoris by Richard Rolle ; Walter Hilton has been cited as another possible influence on Kempe.

A traditional use of morning glory seeds by Mexican Native Americans was first described by Richard Schultes in 1941 in a short report documenting their use going back to Aztec times ( cited in TiHKAL by Alexander Shulgin ).

" He cited as support for this the 1992 Heidelberg Appeal and the 1999 Oregon Petition, as well the opinions of individual scientists that he named including John Christy, Fred Singer, Richard Lindzen, Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas.

Stone contributed up to $ 10 million to President Richard Nixon's election campaigns in 1968 and 1972 ; these were cited in Congressional debates after Watergate to institute campaign spending limits.

Regardless, through this interesting turn of events Helaman left the Anti-Nephi-Lehies marching at the head of an army of two thousand soldiers. LDS leader Richard J. Maynes cited this entire episode in a General Conference as containing good examples of covenant-keeping behavior.

Sylvan was born Francis Richard Routley in Levin, New Zealand, and his early work is cited with this surname.

In his book Designing Virtual Worlds, Richard Bartle ( co-creator of the original MUD ) cited DikuMUD as one of the five " major codebases used for ( textual ) virtual worlds ".