Richelieu's early decision to support a Protestant canton against the Pope was a foretaste of the purely diplomatic power politics he would espouse in his foreign policy.

Equally critical for France was Richelieu's foreign policy, which helped restrain Habsburg influence in Europe.

Cardinal Richelieu's policy involved two primary goals: centralization of power in France and opposition to the Habsburg dynasty ( which ruled in both Austria and Spain ).

His prose letters are full of lively wit, and, in some cases, as in the letter on Richelieu's policy ( Letter LXXIV ), show considerable political penetration.

He came to lose his duchy because of his notionally anti-French policy for in 1633, French troops invaded Lorraine in retaliation for Charles's support of Gaston d ' Orléans -— who repeatedly plotted against Richelieu's governance of France under the childless Louis XIII and treated dangerously with its enemies as a young heir apparent —- and Richelieu's policies were always anti-Habsburg so as to increase the strength and prestige of France at the expense of the two dynasties.

His relation with the Habsburgs was relatively strong ; although he was not above carrying some negotiations with their enemies, like France, he refused Cardinal Richelieu's 1635 proposal of an alliance and a full-out war against them, despite potential lure of territorial gains in Silesia.

She led armies in Ancient Egypt, and when the TARDIS crew landed in Paris in 1626, becoming embroiled in a plot to kill Queen Anne, Erimem was able to inspire and lead a combined force of both King Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu's guards against the English forces of the Duke of Buckingham ( The Church and the Crown, 2002 ).

A purely religious reason also made him Richelieu's ally against the Habsburgs.

This phrase originally referred to Cardinal de Richelieu's right hand man, François Leclerc du Tremblay ( also known as the Père Joseph ), a Capuchin friar who wore grey robes.

His most powerful friend was Isaac de Laffemas ( d. 1657 ), one of Cardinal Richelieu's most unscrupulous agents, and he was on friendly terms with the poet Théophile de Viau, who addressed him in some verses placed at the head of his Théâtre ( 1632 ), and Tristan l ' Hermite had a similar admiration for him.

The erasure of Richelieu's name from the list of prohibited émigrés who could not legally return to France, which Richelieu on his own had previously been unable to secure from Napoleon Bonaparte, was accorded on the request of Alexander's new imperial government, and in 1803 Alexander appointed him Governor of Odessa.

( This hall is the setting for the first act of Rostand's play Cyrano de Bergerac, and Rotrou's name is mentioned-as is Corneille's ) With few exceptions, the only events recorded of Rotrou's life are the successive appearances of his plays, and his enrolment in 1635 in the band of five poets who had the duty of turning Richelieu's dramatic ideas into shape.

It is thought that mayonnaise was brought back to France from Mahon, Minorca, after Louis-François-Armand du Plessis de Richelieu's victory over the British at the city's port in 1756.

Richelieu's tenure was a crucial period of reform for France.

Thus, Richelieu's policies were the requisite prelude to Louis XIV becoming the most powerful monarch, and France the most powerful nation, in all of Europe during the late seventeenth century.

While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France, they did pave the way for the success of later efforts.

He became allied with the cardinal's family by the marriage of his daughter Marie with Richelieu's nephew, Pierre César du Cambout, marquis de Coislin, and in December 1635 he became chancellor of France.

* The recipe for mayonnaise ( originally " salsa mahonesa " or " maonesa ") is probably brought back to France by his chef after Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu's military success on Minorca.

For most of the reign of Louis XIV ( 1643 – 1715 ), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor ( 1642 – 1661 ) Cardinal Mazarin and the economic policies ( 1661 – 1683 ) of Colbert.

Following Richelieu's instructions, he negotiated the alliances which brought France into the Thirty Years ' War.

For most of the reign of Louis XIV ( 1643 – 1715 ), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor ( 1642 – 1661 ) Cardinal Mazarin.

Neither side, however, could obtain a decisive advantage, and the conflict lingered on until after Richelieu's death.

On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted letters patent formally establishing the body ; according to the letters patent registered at the Parlement de Paris on 10 July 1637, the Académie française was " to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating the arts and sciences ".

These ideas became known to his Spanish rulers, and to assuage them he wrote a philippic called the Mars gallicus ( 1635 ), a violent attack on French ambitions generally, and on Cardinal Richelieu's indifference to international Catholic interests in particular.

By Richelieu's orders, Bassompierre was arrested at Senlis on February 25, 1631, and put into the Bastille, where he remained until Richelieu's death in 1643.

This hôtel was later demolished to make room for Cardinal Richelieu's Palais Cardinal, and a new Hôtel de Rambouillet was built in 1618 on the rue Saint-Thomas du Louvre, between the Louvre and the Tuileries.

Next year he went to Paris on the occasion of Prince Charles's journey to Madrid, and again in 1624 to join Henry Rich, afterwards Lord Holland, in negotiating the prince's marriage with Henrietta Maria, when he advised James without success to resist Richelieu's demands on the subject of religious toleration.

At Richelieu's prompting, Jean de Silhon defended the concept of reason of state as " a mean between what conscience permits and affairs require.

Richelieu's motives are the focus of much debate among historians ; some see him as a patriotic supporter of the monarchy, while others view him as a power-hungry cynic ( Voltaire even argued that Richelieu started wars to make himself indispensable to the King ).

As Richelieu's agent, therefore, this modern Peter the Hermit maneuvered at the Diet of Regensburg ( 1630 ) to thwart the aggression of the emperor, and then advised the intervention of Gustavus Adolphus, reconciling himself to the use of Protestant armies by the theory that one poison would counteract another.

On Richelieu's death Benserade lost his pension, but became more and more a favourite at court, especially with Anne of Austria.

Cardinal Richelieu's Académie Française acknowledged the play's success, but determined that it was defective, in part because it did not respect the classical unities of time, place, and action ( Unity of Time stipulated that all the action in a play must take place within a twenty-four hour time-frame ; Unity of Place, that there must be only one setting for the action ; and Unity of Action, that the plot must be centred around a single conflict or problem ).

King Henry III had rewarded Richelieu's father for his participation in the Wars of Religion by granting his family the bishopric of Luçon.

In 1866, Napoleon III persuaded Armez to return the face to the government for re-interment with the rest of Richelieu's body.

Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to winnowing out the " impurities " of a language, was the Accademia della Crusca, founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the Tuscan dialect of Florence as the model for Italian ; the Florentine academy had published its Vocabolario in 1612.

It was at Richelieu's request that he began to write for the theatre.

After Richelieu's death the pretensions of the parlement increased ; the hereditary magistrature arrogated to itself the functions of the states-general, and in 1648 the parlement with the other sovereign courts ( the cour des aides, the grand conseil, and the cour des comptes ) met in one assembly and proposed for the royal sanction twenty-seven articles, which amounted in substance to a new constitution.

But just as he and Athos begin to fight, a number of Cardinal Richelieu's guards appear ; they try to arrest the three musketeers and d ' Artagnan for illegal dueling.

It is a win for Cardinal Richelieu's men.

Francois Hédelin was educated for his father's profession, but, after practising some time at Nemours, he abandoned law, took holy orders, and was appointed tutor to one of Richelieu's nephews, the duc de Fronsac.

After Richelieu's death he left Paris, joined the Reformed Church, and in 1651 obtained a professorship at the Academy of Saumur, which he filled with great success for nearly twenty years.

But when he divulged to her his resentment for the Cardinal, she, far from repeating Louis's confidences to the minister, set herself to encourage the King in his resistance to Richelieu's dominion.

He also tried to get support for the rebellion from Philip IV, the king of Spain ; Richelieu's spy service caught him doing so.

Richelieu's character and antecedents alike marked him out as a valuable support for the monarchy at the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration.