As a result of Richelieu's work, Louis XIII became one of the first examples of an absolute monarch.

Richelieu's foreign policy of struggle against the Habsburgs, who surrounded France on two fronts, inevitably created tension between himself and Anne, who remained childless for another sixteen years, while Louis depended ever more on Richelieu, who was his first minister from 1624.

( This hall is the setting for the first act of Rostand's play Cyrano de Bergerac, and Rotrou's name is mentioned-as is Corneille's ) With few exceptions, the only events recorded of Rotrou's life are the successive appearances of his plays, and his enrolment in 1635 in the band of five poets who had the duty of turning Richelieu's dramatic ideas into shape.

Richelieu's character and antecedents alike marked him out as a valuable support for the monarchy at the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration.

Having been put into bad favor with Richelieu's successor Mazarin, he only comes out of the Bastille after five years.

On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted letters patent formally establishing the body ; according to the letters patent registered at the Parlement de Paris on 10 July 1637, the Académie française was " to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating the arts and sciences ".

Saint-Cyran was not released until after Richelieu's death in 1642, and he died shortly thereafter, in 1643.

Cardinal Richelieu's Académie Française acknowledged the play's success, but determined that it was defective, in part because it did not respect the classical unities of time, place, and action ( Unity of Time stipulated that all the action in a play must take place within a twenty-four hour time-frame ; Unity of Place, that there must be only one setting for the action ; and Unity of Action, that the plot must be centred around a single conflict or problem ).

It is thought that mayonnaise was brought back to France from Mahon, Minorca, after Louis-François-Armand du Plessis de Richelieu's victory over the British at the city's port in 1756.

Richelieu's early decision to support a Protestant canton against the Pope was a foretaste of the purely diplomatic power politics he would espouse in his foreign policy.

Rohan was not executed ( as were leaders of rebellions later in Richelieu's tenure ); in fact, he later became a commanding officer in the French army.

In the next year, Richelieu's position was seriously threatened by his former patron, Marie de Médicis.

However, the conflict was largely healed when the Pope granted a cardinalate to Jules Mazarin, one of Richelieu's foremost political allies, in 1641.

Cinq-Mars had become the royal favourite by 1639, but, contrary to Cardinal Richelieu's belief, he was not easy to control.

Richelieu's tenure was a crucial period of reform for France.

Equally critical for France was Richelieu's foreign policy, which helped restrain Habsburg influence in Europe.

It was at Richelieu's request that he began to write for the theatre.

It was not until after Richelieu's death that he was able to secure the release of his friend, the abbé de St Cyran.

He also won Richelieu's favor when he was present with the Cardinal during the plot of Cinq Mars, and afterwards fought in the siege of Perpignan ( 1642 ).

His relation with the Habsburgs was relatively strong ; although he was not above carrying some negotiations with their enemies, like France, he refused Cardinal Richelieu's 1635 proposal of an alliance and a full-out war against them, despite potential lure of territorial gains in Silesia.

By Richelieu's orders, Bassompierre was arrested at Senlis on February 25, 1631, and put into the Bastille, where he remained until Richelieu's death in 1643.

This hôtel was later demolished to make room for Cardinal Richelieu's Palais Cardinal, and a new Hôtel de Rambouillet was built in 1618 on the rue Saint-Thomas du Louvre, between the Louvre and the Tuileries.

Francois Hédelin was educated for his father's profession, but, after practising some time at Nemours, he abandoned law, took holy orders, and was appointed tutor to one of Richelieu's nephews, the duc de Fronsac.

Cardinal Richelieu's policy involved two primary goals: centralization of power in France and opposition to the Habsburg dynasty ( which ruled in both Austria and Spain ).

After Richelieu's death the pretensions of the parlement increased ; the hereditary magistrature arrogated to itself the functions of the states-general, and in 1648 the parlement with the other sovereign courts ( the cour des aides, the grand conseil, and the cour des comptes ) met in one assembly and proposed for the royal sanction twenty-seven articles, which amounted in substance to a new constitution.

After Richelieu's death he left Paris, joined the Reformed Church, and in 1651 obtained a professorship at the Academy of Saumur, which he filled with great success for nearly twenty years.

The erasure of Richelieu's name from the list of prohibited émigrés who could not legally return to France, which Richelieu on his own had previously been unable to secure from Napoleon Bonaparte, was accorded on the request of Alexander's new imperial government, and in 1803 Alexander appointed him Governor of Odessa.

Following Richelieu's instructions, he negotiated the alliances which brought France into the Thirty Years ' War.

For most of the reign of Louis XIV ( 1643 – 1715 ), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor ( 1642 – 1661 ) Cardinal Mazarin and the economic policies ( 1661 – 1683 ) of Colbert.

For most of the reign of Louis XIV ( 1643 – 1715 ), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor ( 1642 – 1661 ) Cardinal Mazarin.

King Henry III had rewarded Richelieu's father for his participation in the Wars of Religion by granting his family the bishopric of Luçon.

In 1866, Napoleon III persuaded Armez to return the face to the government for re-interment with the rest of Richelieu's body.

While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France, they did pave the way for the success of later efforts.

But just as he and Athos begin to fight, a number of Cardinal Richelieu's guards appear ; they try to arrest the three musketeers and d ' Artagnan for illegal dueling.

It is a win for Cardinal Richelieu's men.

His most powerful friend was Isaac de Laffemas ( d. 1657 ), one of Cardinal Richelieu's most unscrupulous agents, and he was on friendly terms with the poet Théophile de Viau, who addressed him in some verses placed at the head of his Théâtre ( 1632 ), and Tristan l ' Hermite had a similar admiration for him.

* The recipe for mayonnaise ( originally " salsa mahonesa " or " maonesa ") is probably brought back to France by his chef after Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu's military success on Minorca.

But when he divulged to her his resentment for the Cardinal, she, far from repeating Louis's confidences to the minister, set herself to encourage the King in his resistance to Richelieu's dominion.

He came to lose his duchy because of his notionally anti-French policy for in 1633, French troops invaded Lorraine in retaliation for Charles's support of Gaston d ' Orléans -— who repeatedly plotted against Richelieu's governance of France under the childless Louis XIII and treated dangerously with its enemies as a young heir apparent —- and Richelieu's policies were always anti-Habsburg so as to increase the strength and prestige of France at the expense of the two dynasties.

He also tried to get support for the rebellion from Philip IV, the king of Spain ; Richelieu's spy service caught him doing so.

Richelieu's financial scheme, however, caused unrest among the peasants ; there were several uprisings in 1636 to 1639.

He continued Richelieu's work of creating an absolute monarchy ; in the same vein as the Cardinal, he enacted policies that further suppressed the once-mighty aristocracy, and utterly destroyed all remnants of Huguenot political power with the Edict of Fontainebleau.

Richelieu's motives are the focus of much debate among historians ; some see him as a patriotic supporter of the monarchy, while others view him as a power-hungry cynic ( Voltaire even argued that Richelieu started wars to make himself indispensable to the King ).