An example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparing him to Hercules or at least one of his hands ( Hercules being a kingly symbol ), where " Armand de Richelieu " became " Ardue main d ' Hercule ".

Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Cardinal Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all France.

It was only when Jacqueline performed well in a children's play with Richelieu in attendance that Étienne was pardoned.

An even more prominent example is that of Cardinal Richelieu, whose power was so great that he was for many years the real ruler of France.

On May 14, following the arrival of 100 men recruited by Arnold's captains, and the arrival of a schooner and some bateaux that had been taken at Skenesboro, Arnold and 50 of his men sailed north to raid Fort St. John, on the Richelieu River downstream from the lake, where a small British warship was reported by the prisoners to be anchored.

He was sent on special embassies to Venice, Germany and England, and displayed so much diplomatic skill and finesse that Cardinal Richelieu ranked him among the three greatest politicians of his time.

The immediate occasion for the war was the uprising of the Protestant nobility of Bohemia against the emperor, but the conflict was widened into a European War by the intervention of King Christian IV of Denmark ( 1625 – 29 ), Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ( 1630 – 48 ) and France under Cardinal Richelieu.

Although Cardinal Richelieu, the powerful chief minister of France, had previously mauled the Protestants, he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was in the raison d ' état ( national interest ).

Richelieu died in 1642 and was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, while Louis XIII died one year later and was succeeded by Louis XIV.

The works are displayed on the Richelieu Wing's first floor and in the Apollo Gallery, named by the painter Charles Le Brun, who was commissioned by Louis XIV ( the Sun King ) to decorate the space in a solar theme.

This was done with the intervention of Richelieu.

The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France.

Descartes was present at the siege of La Rochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627.

This small château was the site of one of the historical events that took place during the reign of Louis XIII, on 10 November 1630, when, on the Day of the Dupes, the party of the queen mother was defeated and Richelieu was confirmed as prime minister.

From the point of view of purely judicial administration, Anjou was subject to the parlement of Paris ; Angers was the seat of a presidial court, of which the jurisdiction comprised the sénéchaussées of Angers, Saumur, Beaugé, Beaufort and the duchy of Richelieu ; there were besides presidial courts at Château-Gontier and La Flèche.

In August 1637, Anne came under so much suspicion that Richelieu forced her to sign covenants regarding her correspondence, which was henceforth open to inspection.

More importantly, Richelieu hoped that Cinq-Mars would become Louis ' favourite, so that he could indirectly exercise greater influence over the monarch's decisions.

After a couple of years they work together to bring peace to the king's court and kept the queen's affair with the Duke of Buckingham from being revealed by Cardinal Richelieu, which audacity so impresses the cardinal he helps d ' Artagnan into the Musketeers corps.

But the Richelieu also hosts several threatened or endangered species, such as the copper redhorse, river redhorse, and lake sturgeon, so fishing seasons and capture limits are regulated.

Milady's master, Cardinal Richelieu, has ordered her to murder Buckingham so that he will not aid the Huguenot cause in the Protestant city of La Rochelle.

The importance of the battle was considered so great that the French clergyman and statesman Cardinal Richelieu was reported to have described it as " the battle that saved civilization.

In an attempt to restrict the proliferation of private centers of intellectual or literary life ( so as to impose the royal court as the artistic center of France ), Cardinal Richelieu took an existing literary gathering ( around Valentin Conrart ) and designated it as the official Académie française in 1634.

Mazarin continued the policies of Richelieu, bringing the Thirty Years ' War to a successful conclusion in 1648 and defeating the noble challenge to royal absolutism in a series of civil wars known as the Fronde.

Richelieu was successful in this endeavour, mediating between her and her son.

The Richelieu class full-size battleships are considered by some experts as the most successful battleships built under displacement limits of Washington Treaty in the world.

Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis de Cinq-Mars ( 1620 – September 12, 1642 ) was a favourite of King Louis XIII of France who led the last and most nearly successful of the many conspiracies against the king's powerful first minister, the Cardinal Richelieu.

In 1631 he was recruited for the French campaign designed by Richelieu to drive the Spaniards out of the Valtellina, which after several years of delay, led to the successful campaign of Henri, duc de Rohan ( 1635 ).

The company was not particularly successful and Richelieu had it reorganized as the Compagnie des Îles de l ' Amérique.

In 1635, Cardinal Richelieu created the Compagnie des Îles de l ' Amérique ( Company of the Isles of America, the successor to the Compagnie de Saint-Christophe ).

* Jules Mazarin enters the service of Richelieu.

* December 18 – Mazarin becomes first adviser to French potentate Richelieu on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay.

Exceptions were made for equal royal intermarriage with the princes étrangers and, by royal command, with the so-called princes légitimés ( i. e. out-of-wedlock but legitimised descendants of Henry IV and Louis XIV ), as well as with the nieces of Cardinal-prime ministers ( i. e. Richelieu, Mazarin ).

Anne assumed the regency but to general surprise entrusted the government to the chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin, who was a protégé of Cardinal Richelieu and figured among the council of the regency.

Cardinal Mazarin succeeded Richelieu in office.

Richelieu and Mazarin.

Her first husband was the Duke de Richelieu and one of the titles of her second husband was the Duke de Mazarin ; she was thus unique in bearing the titles of both Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin.

* Her Serene Highness Princess Alice, The Princess of Monaco, Duchess of Richelieu, Fronsac, Valentinois, Mazarin, Mayenne and Estouteville, Princess of Château-Porcien, Marquise of Jumilhac, Baux-de-Provence, Guiscard and Chilly, Countess of Carladès, Thorigny, Longjumeau, Ferrette, Belfort, Thann and Rosemont, Baronness of Buis, Saint-Lô, la Luthumière, Hambye, Massy, le Calvinet and Altkirch, Lady of Saint-Rémy, Matignon and Issenheim.

His authority survived the changes following on the successive deaths of Richelieu and Louis XIII, and he was the faithful servant of Anne of Austria and of Mazarin.

* Richard Bonney, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624 – 1661 1988 With 309 original documents

* James Breck Perkins, France under Richelieu and Mazarin ( New York, 1888 )

Richelieu intended to make Naudé his librarian, and on his death Naudé accepted a similar offer from Cardinal Mazarin.

César, duke of Vendôme, took part in the disturbances which went on in France under the government of Cardinal Richelieu and of Cardinal Mazarin ; he was the father of Louis, Duke of Vendôme, who married a niece of Mazarin, and François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort.

The relations of the principality of Sedan to the French crown markedly influenced the earlier career of Turenne ; sometimes it proved necessary to advance the soldier to conciliate the ducal family, at other times the machinations of the ducal family against Richelieu or Mazarin prevented the king's advisers from giving their full confidence to their general in the field.

After crushing local nobles engaged in warlord-ism, the Kings of France retained all authority with the help of able yet discreet Prime ministers ( Mazarin, Richelieu ).

Dubois, the third of the four great Cardinal-Ministers ( Richelieu, Mazarin, Dubois, and Fleury ), was born in Brive-la-Gaillarde, in Limousin.

He had accumulated an immense private fortune ( though nothing compared to the avaricious acquisition of wealth of Concini, Richelieu, Mazarin, Fouquet, and Colbert ) possessing in addition to his see the revenues of seven abbeys.

Prominent examples of senior members of the church hierarchy who advised monarchs were Cardinal Thomas Wolsey in England, and Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin in France ; prominent, devoutly Catholic laymen like such as Sir Thomas More also served as senior advisors to monarchs.