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RoHS seeks to limit the dangerous substances in circulation in electronics products, in particular toxins and heavy metals, which are subsequently released into the environment when such devices are recycled.
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RoHS and limit
This ban was formalised in the RoHS Directive, and an upper limit of 1 g / kg for the sum of PBBs and PBDEs was set.
RoHS and substances
For the first time, not only manufacturers, but also importers and distributors share a responsibility to ensure Electrical and Electronic Equipment within the scope of RoHS comply with the hazardous substances limits and have a CE mark on their products.
In 2007, a Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ) was issued banning several toxic substances for use in the automotive industry in Europe, including hexavalent chromium, which is used in chrome plating.
The Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment 2002 / 95 / EC ( commonly referred to as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive or RoHS ) was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union.
RoHS is often referred to as the lead-free directive, but it restricts the use of the following six substances:
RoHS restricted substances have been used in a broad array of consumer electronics products.
RoHS and other environmental laws are in contrast to historical and contemporary law that seek to address only acute toxicology, that is direct exposure to large amounts of toxic substances causing severe injury or death.
; Japan: Japan does not have any direct legislation dealing with the RoHS substances, but its recycling laws have spurred Japanese manufacturers to move to a lead-free process in accordance with RoHS guidelines.
* Ion attachment mass spectrometry-used to enforce RoHS limits on banned substances
Noting the possible hazards on the environment, however, PBBs were listed as one of six controlled substances under the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ), which was enacted into European Law in February 2003.
RoHS and electronics
Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to the European Union, with its Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ( WEEE ), which went into force in July 2006.
RoHS and other efforts to reduce hazardous materials in electronics are motivated in part to address the global issue of consumer electronics waste.
Cadmium telluride ( CdTe ) thin-film PV modules in photovoltaic panels are explicitly allowed by RoHS to contain cadmium, even though cadmium is restricted in all other electronics.
One criticism of RoHS is that the restriction of lead and cadmium does not address some of their most prolific applications, while being costly for the electronics industry to comply with.
Most of today's consumer electronics are now RoHS compliant, examples include Apple's iPod portable music players, Dell and HP home computers and servers, Nintendo's Wii, Motorola and Nokia's wireless phones, Netgear routers, and Panasonic televisions and appliances.
Many electronics companies keep " RoHS status " pages on their corporate websites.
Automobile manufacturers are turning to RoHS solutions now as electronics move into the engine bay.
Some exemptions have been issued to RoHS requirements in critical electronics applications due to failures which are known to have occurred as a result of tin whisker formation.
The increase in use of pure tin in electronics due to the RoHS directive drove JEDEC and IPC to release a tin whisker acceptance testing standard and mitigation practices guideline intended to help manufacturers reduce the risk of tin whiskers in lead-free products.
RoHS and products
The scope of RoHS 2 is widened to include products previously excluded, such as medical devices and industrial equipment.
In an effort to close RoHS loopholes, in May 2006 the European Commission was asked to review two currently excluded product categories ( monitoring and control equipment, and medical devices ) for future inclusion in the products that must fall into RoHS compliance.
RoHS applies to these products in the EU whether made within the EU or imported.
Medical devices, and monitoring and control instruments comprise RoHS Category 8 and Category 9 products respectively.
Since the long term effects of lead-free solder, a primary RoHS objective, cannot be known for a period of at least five years following the directive ’ s application to the remaining eight categories, the EU has established at least a temporary moratorium for Category 8 and 9 products.
In an effort to gain more insight the EU commissioned a study to assess when and if the RoHS directive should be applied to Category 8 and 9 products.
Released in July 2006, the Review of Directive 2002 / 95 / EC ( RoHS ) Categories 8 and 9 – Final Report recommended that Category 8 and 9 products remain exempt from the RoHS directive until 2012 or 2018 depending upon specific product sub-categories and applications.
Since the EU has not yet adopted this recommendation, the exact timing of RoHS application to Category 8 and 9 products remained uncertain.
Unlike EU RoHS, where products in specified categories are included unless specifically excluded, there will be a list of included products, known as the catalogue — see Article 18 of the regulation — which will be a subset of the total scope of Electronic Information Products, or EIPs, to which the regulations apply.
There are some products that are EIPs, which are not in scope for EU RoHS, e. g. radar systems, semiconductor-manufacturing equipment, photomasks, etc.
Fortunately, experience thus far suggests deployed instances of RoHS compliant products are not failing due to whisker growth.
Dr. Ronald Lasky of Dartmouth College reports: " RoHS has been in force for more than 15 months now, and ~$ 400B RoHS-compliant products have been produced.
Quality and reliability standards for RoHS compliant products are expected to be identical compared to current packages.
Research into new alloys and technologies is allowing companies to release RoHS products that are currently exempt from compliance, e. g. computer servers.
Test and measurement vendors, such as National Instruments, have also started to produce RoHS-compliant products, despite devices in this category being exempt from the RoHS directive.
• Cadmium, Mercury, Lead & Hexavalent Chromium ( beyond RoHS ) – including requirements for Mercury free products.
RoHS and heavy
This law prohibits the sale of electronic devices after January 1, 2007, that are prohibited from being sold under the EU RoHS directive, but across a much narrower scope that includes LCDs, CRTs, and the like and only covers the four heavy metals restricted by RoHS.
RoHS and metals
Its hand-held XRF analyser, X-MET is used for metals identification, RoHS compliance testing, PMI, lead in paint and drywall testing.
RoHS and which
This solder was a tin-lead alloy, however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the EU and US, which restricts the use of lead.
The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ( WEEE Directive ) is the European Community directive 2002 / 96 / EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment ( WEEE ) which, together with the RoHS Directive 2002 / 95 / EC, became European Law in February 2003.
RoHS is not the only environmental standard of which electronic product developers should be aware.
Care must be taken in selection of RoHS solders as some formulations are harder with less ductility, increasing the likelihood of cracks instead of plastic deformation, which is typical for lead-containing solders.
This article refers to the Newark InOne " RoHS Legislation and Technical Manual ", which cites these and other " lead-free " solder issues, such as:
( Teamcenter for Compliance Management ) includes Teamcenter for Environmental Compliance solution powered by EMARS ( Synapsis Technology ), which helps companies meet environmental compliance requirements such as RoHS, WEEE, ELV, and REACH.
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