After David II's death, Robert II, the first of the Stewart kings, came to the throne in 1371.

Although a king weak in power, Robert II's efforts were considerable.

The next King of the Franks was Robert II's next son, Henry I ( reigned 1027-1060 ).

Edward II's Chancellor, Robert Baldock, was placed under house arrest in London, but a London mob broke into the house, severely beat him, and threw him into Newgate Prison, where he was murdered by some of the inmates.

Robert Dudley was counted among Princess Elizabeth's special friends by Philip II's envoy to the English court a week before Queen Mary's death.

David was buried at Holyrood Abbey almost immediately but an armed protest by William, Earl of Douglas delayed Robert II's coronation until 26 March 1371.

The Stewarts greatly increased their holdings in the west, in Atholl and in the far north: the earldoms of Fife and Menteith went to Robert II's second surviving son Robert, the earldoms of Buchan and Ross ( along with the lordship of Badenoch ) to his fourth son Alexander and the earldoms of Strathearn and Caithness to the eldest son of his second marriage, David.

Robert the warrior and knight: the reverse side of Robert II's Great Seal, enhanced as a 19th-century steel engraving

Robert II's rule during the 1370s saw the country's finances stabilised and greatly improved due in part to the flourishing wool trade, reduced calls on the public purse and by the halting of his predecessor's ransom money on the death of Edward III of England.

In contrast, the historians Stephen Boardman ( 2007 ), Alexander Grant ( 1984 & 1992 ) and Michael Lynch ( 1992 ) give a more even-handed appraisal of Robert II's life.

Boardman explains that Robert II was subjected to negative propaganda while he was High Steward — David II's followers denigrated his conduct during his lieutenancies and described them as " tyranny "— and again later as king when the supporters of his son John, Earl of Carrick said that Robert was a king lacking drive and accomplishments, weighed down by age and unfit to govern.

Robert II's association with Gaelic Scotland also drew criticism.

Grant ( 1992 ) acknowledges that Robert II's reign in terms of foreign and domestic policy was " not so unsuccessful ".

Grant seriously called into question the dependability of Froissart's writings as an effective source for Robert II's reign.

Michael Lynch points out that Robert II's reign from 1371 until the lieutenancy of Carrick in 1384 had been one exemplified by continued prosperity and stability and which Abbot Bower described as a period of " tranquility, prosperity and peace ".

Lynch suggests that the troubles of the 1450s between James II and the Douglases which have been interpreted by some historians as the legacy of Robert II's policy of encouraging powerful lordships was in fact a continuation of David II's build up of local lords in the Marches and Galloway — Robert was satisfied with government to leave alone the Douglas and the Stewart earls in their fiefdoms.

The weakening of government if anything, Lynch suggests, came not before the 1384 coup but after it despite the fact that the coup had at its root Robert II's favouring of his third son, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan ( known as the Wolf of Badenoch ).

Buchan's use of cateran supporters drew criticism from Northern nobles and prelates and demonstrated Robert II's inability or reluctance to control his son and resulted in him losing council support.

While Angola's foreign policy shifted to a pro-U. S. stance based on substantial economic ties, under the rule of President Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe's ties with the West soured in the late 1990s.

Robert Mundell's " impossible trinity " is the most famous formulation of these limited powers, and postulates that it is impossible to target monetary policy ( broadly, interest rates ), the exchange rate ( through a fixed rate ) and maintain free capital movement.

After the war, Fermi served for a short time on the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a scientific committee chaired by J. Robert Oppenheimer which advised the commission on nuclear matters and policy.

Robert Young writes that imperialism operates from the center, it is a state policy, and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons whereas colonialism is nothing more than development for settlement or commercial intentions.

In an essay appearing in the 14 May 2007 issue of Newsweek, business columnist Robert J. Samuelson argued that China was pursuing an essentially mercantilist trade policy that threatened to undermine the post-World War II international economic structure.

The plan encountered sharp opposition in Congress, mostly from the portion of the Republican Party led by Robert A. Taft that advocated a more isolationist policy and was weary of massive government spending.

Following the 1919 Nickle Resolution, however, it was against non-binding policy for the sovereign to grant such honorific titles to Canadians ; the last prime minister to be knighted was Sir Robert Borden, who was premier at the time the Nickle Resolution was debated in the House of Commons.

Consequently, her chief ministers Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley, who were called " Prime Minister " by some, had difficulty executing policy in the face of a hostile Parliament.

As part of this policy, limits were placed on production levels, and industries in the Saar were dismantled just as in the Ruhr, although mostly in the period prior to its detachment ( see also the 1949 letter from the UK Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin to the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman, urging a reconsideration of the dismantling policy ).

This backflip, while seen by many as an opportunity for the Liberals to make ground, saw the then leader of the Liberals, Robert Doyle, adopt a much-criticised policy of half tolls, which was later overturned by his successor, Ted Baillieu.

British politicians such as the Prime Minister Robert Peel were at this time wedded to the economic policy of laissez-faire, which argued against state intervention of any sort.

Robert Goodin takes yet another approach and argues that the demandingness objection can be ‘ blunted ’ by treating utilitarianism as a guide to public policy rather than one of individual morality.

Robert Gordon, a Keynesian, admits, " government policy to moderate the depression and speed recovery was minimal.

Under Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe ran a new foreign policy which operated more closely with African, Soviet and NAM states.

Gregory's first attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with the Normans of Robert Guiscard ; in the end the two parties did not meet.

Nonetheless, in the 1987 general election that he lost, Powell campaigned in Bangor for James Kilfedder, the devolutionist North Down Popular Unionist Party MP and against Robert McCartney, who was standing as a Real Unionist on a policy of integration and equal citizenship for Northern Ireland.

In 1984, Powell claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency had murdered Earl Mountbatten of Burma and that the deaths of the MPs Airey Neave and Robert Bradford were carried out by the USA in order to stop Neave's policy of integration for Northern Ireland.

* Robert Walpole enters Parliament and soon makes his name as a spokesman for Whig policy.

On the other hand, he was successful on the whole in pursuing the policy of Geoffrey Martel in Maine: after destroying La Flèche, by the peace of Blanchelande ( 1081 ), he received the homage of Robert Curthose (" Courteheuse "), son of William the Conqueror, for Maine.

Economist Robert Solow of MIT suggested that the 2001-2003 failure of the expected economic recovery should be attributed not to monetary policy failure but to the breakdown in productivity growth in crucial sectors of the economy, most particularly retail trade.

" was espousing change in Haiti, fundamental populist change ," said Robert Maguire, a Haiti scholar who has criticized American policy as insufficiently concerned with Haiti's poor.

Truman continued to rely on a succession of personal White House advisers ( George Elsey, Rear Admiral Robert Dennison, and William Averell Harriman ) to coordinate for him major foreign policy matters.

Deputy National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane replaced Philip C. Habib as the chief U. S. Middle East negotiator in July 1983, and the National Security Adviser became directly involved in the operations of foreign policy.

*( 1981 ) The McNamara years at the World Bank: major policy addresses of Robert S. McNamara, 1968-1981 ; with forewords by Helmut Schmidt and Léopold Senghor.