Runoff from seasonal rains and groundwater springs forms desert arroyos, desert fan palm oases, freshwater marshes, brine lakes, desert washes, ephemeral and perennial streams, and riparian vegetation communities dominated by cottonwood, willow, and non-native tamarisk.

Runoff advocates counter that voters first preference is more important than lower preferences because that's where voters are putting the most effort of decision and that, unlike Condorcet methods, runoffs require a high showing among the full field of choices in addition to a strong showing in the final head-to-head competition.

For example, the politics of Australia are largely two-party ( if the Liberal Party and National Party are considered the same party at a national level due to their long-standing alliance ) for the Australian House of Representatives, which is elected by Instant Runoff Voting, ( known within Australia as preferential voting ).

Runoff containing wild cat faeces and litter from domestic cats flushed down toilets are possible sources of oocysts.

Runoff from these glaciers and those on the surrounding volcanoes is a source of fresh water for forty surrounding towns, and Colombian scientists and government officials are concerned about the towns ' water supply should the glaciers melt completely.

Runoff voting methods are less vulnerable to vote splitting compared to plurality voting.

Runoff, evaporation, and leakage are all highly dependent on the soil saturation at a given time.

The Borda count can be combined with an Instant Runoff procedure to create hybrid election methods that are called Nanson method and Baldwin method.

Runoff from the glaciers in the Himalayas towards China ’ s lowland is regulated and stored in the Ruoergai marshes.

Runoff of manure can also find its way into surface water such as lakes, streams, and ponds.

Runoff elections for legislative seats were held on April 21.

Instant Runoff Voting would elect the 2nd-worst choice, because the central candidates would be eliminated early.

Runoff voting involves two rounds of voting.

Runoff voting is also sometimes used as a generic term to describe any system involving a number of rounds of voting, with eliminations after each round.

Runoff voting is used to find the winner.

Variants of Instant Runoff voting can be designed to reflect the same rules as a two-round voting system.

Runoff voting is intended to reduce the potential for eliminating " wasted " votes by tactical voting.

Runoff voting can be influenced by strategic nomination ; this is where candidates and political factions influence the result of an election by either nominating extra candidates or withdrawing a candidate who would otherwise have stood.

Runoff voting encourages candidates to appeal to a broad cross-section of voters.

Runoff voting is designed for single seat constituencies.

Runoff from rainfall can lead to heating via conduction from the surface which the water is flowing over.

His inability to make headway against the de facto two-party system as an independent in that election would later lead him to become an advocate for Instant Runoff Voting, helping to found FairVote in 1992.

* Slow kinds: Runoff from sustained rainfall or rapid snow melt exceeding the capacity of a river's channel.

Runoff elections were held in February 1993, and the leader of the Hery Velona movement, Albert Zafy, defeated Ratsiraka.

Runoff from agriculture and development, pollution from septic systems and sewers, and other human-related activities increase the flow of both inorganic nutrients and organic substances into ecosystems.

Runoff from the western slopes of these mountains provides water to the county's cities and agricultural areas.

* Runoff system.

* Runoff system.

Runoff quickly flooded agricultural areas and much of this water made its way into several subdivisions in Edinburgh.

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff from a Subalpine Watershed, Lake Tahoe Basin, California.

Runoff can leach through permeable soils to vulnerable aquifers that tap ground water sources for human consumption.

* Nationwide Urban Runoff Program ( U. S. research program )

As chromium compounds were used in dyes and paints and the tanning of leather, these compounds are often found in soil and groundwater at abandoned industrial sites, now needing environmental cleanup and remediation per the treatment of brownfield land.

The portions of a solutional cave that are below the water table or the local level of the groundwater will be flooded.

Limited agricultural production, the presence of some natural resources, and permanent settlements are found in the other six depressions, all of which have fresh water provided by the Nile or by local groundwater.

Environment – current issues: air heavily polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast ; contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products, chemicals at former Soviet military bases ; Estonia has more than 1, 400 natural and artificial lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas are heavily affected by organic waste ; coastal sea water is polluted in many locations.

Laws dealing with pollution are often media-limited — i. e., pertain only to a single environmental medium, such as air, water ( whether surface water, groundwater or oceans ), soil, etc .— and control both emissions of pollutants into the medium, as well as liability for exceeding permitted emissions and responsibility for cleanup.

Environmental geologists and hydrogeologists or hydrologists need to understand structural geology because structures are sites of groundwater flow and penetration, which may affect, for instance, seepage of toxic substances from waste dumps, or seepage of salty water into aquifers.

Furthermore, most fertilizers are so poorly applied that experts have estimated that only 15 to 40 % of the chemicals can be absorbed by cotton plants, while the remainder washes into the soil and subsequently into the groundwater.

Logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation ; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations ; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply ; growing urbanization and human migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Hồ Chí Minh City

Connectors in the underground plant may be subjected to groundwater immersion if the closures containing them are breached or improperly assembled.

Bacterial lawns ( often of Serratia marcescens ) are also used extensively when as an assay method when using bacteriophage as tracers in studies of groundwater flow.

Sedimentary rocks are often saturated with seawater or groundwater, in which minerals can dissolve or from which minerals can precipitate.

Aquifers that provide sustainable fresh groundwater to urban areas and for agricultural irrigation are typically close to the ground surface ( within a couple of hundred metres ) and have some recharge by fresh water.

However, there are indications that regional food production has peaked in many world sectors, due to certain strategies associated with intensive agriculture such as groundwater overdrafting and overuse of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals.

Underground dams are used to trap groundwater and store all or most of it below the surface for extended use in a localized area.

A fumarole field is an area of thermal springs and gas vents where magma or hot igneous rocks at shallow depth are releasing gases or interacting with groundwater.

Geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and soils, and assess sites for environmental remediation.

Water consumption is so high that groundwater levels in the Sanaa basin are diminishing ; because of this, government officials have proposed relocating large portions of the population of Sana ' a to the coast of the Red Sea.

Applications of potential flow are for instance: the outer flow field for aerofoils, water waves, electroosmotic flow, and groundwater flow.

Due to their very high solubility, and because soils are largely unable to retain anions, nitrates can enter groundwater.

The salts from the groundwater are raised by capillary action to the surface of the soil.

desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms ; coastal degradation ( damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation ) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations ; lack of freshwater resources ( groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs )

Emery County ’ s maps show the importance of the forest lands to the local communities as there are very few significant groundwater aquifers in the area.

Other closely related processes shown are Surface runoff | runoff and groundwater recharge.

The input is precipitation ( P ), and the exports are evapotranspiration ( which is to be estimated ), streamflow ( Q ), and groundwater recharge ( D ).

If the change in storage, precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater recharge are all estimated, the missing flux, ET, can be estimated by rearranging the above equation as follows: