* Runoff voting

Runoff voting involves two rounds of voting.

Runoff voting is also sometimes used as a generic term to describe any system involving a number of rounds of voting, with eliminations after each round.

Runoff voting is used to find the winner.

Variants of Instant Runoff voting can be designed to reflect the same rules as a two-round voting system.

Runoff voting is intended to reduce the potential for eliminating " wasted " votes by tactical voting.

Runoff voting is also vulnerable to another tactic called " push over ".

Runoff voting is vulnerable to strategic nomination for the same reasons that it is open to the voting tactic of " compromising ".

Runoff voting encourages candidates to appeal to a broad cross-section of voters.

Runoff voting is designed for single seat constituencies.

Category: Runoff voting

For example, the politics of Australia are largely two-party ( if the Liberal Party and National Party are considered the same party at a national level due to their long-standing alliance ) for the Australian House of Representatives, which is elected by Instant Runoff Voting, ( known within Australia as preferential voting ).

* Runoff voting or Two-round system, a voting system used to elect a single winner, whereby only two candidates from the first round continue to the second round

Runoff voting methods are less vulnerable to vote splitting compared to plurality voting.

Runoff voting is less vulnerable to vote splitting, yet vote splitting can occur in any round of runoff voting.

Runoff from rainfall can lead to heating via conduction from the surface which the water is flowing over.

Runoff can leach through permeable soils to vulnerable aquifers that tap ground water sources for human consumption.

Runoff of manure can also find its way into surface water such as lakes, streams, and ponds.

Runoff into storm sewers can be minimized by including sustainable urban drainage systems ( UK term ) or low impact development practices ( US term ) into municipal plans.

Runoff from sewage, urban land use, and fertilizers can also contribute to eutrophication.

In the United States, The lag time in which street sweepers responded can be pinpointed to the Runoff Report of 1998.

Runoff from roads, parking lots, and yards can carry animal wastes to streams through storm sewers.

The Borda count can be combined with an Instant Runoff procedure to create hybrid election methods that are called Nanson method and Baldwin method.

Runoff of excess nutrients into waterways can also occur, which is harmful for the environment.

Instant Runoff Voting would elect the 2nd-worst choice, because the central candidates would be eliminated early.

Twenty-three of the 28 functional constituencies use single-member district plurality to elect their members, one ( Labour ) applies the Block vote ( with three seats to be filled ), and four, dubbed special functional constituencies, use the preferential elimination system ( aka Instant Runoff Voting ).

; Runoff: The variety of ways by which water moves across the land.

*" Preliminary Delineation of Sub Watersheds and Storm Water Runoff " by Anna Hermesmeyer

Runoff from seasonal rains and groundwater springs forms desert arroyos, desert fan palm oases, freshwater marshes, brine lakes, desert washes, ephemeral and perennial streams, and riparian vegetation communities dominated by cottonwood, willow, and non-native tamarisk.

The Nationwide Urban Runoff Program ( NURP ) is a research project conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) between 1979 and 1983.

These different releases of Runoff typically had had little or no relationship to each other in terms of how formatting commands and arrangement of text was performed except that they all used the convention of separating presentation text from Runoff commands by indicating a command to Runoff by beginning the line with a period.

; Global Runoff: Continental Comparisons of Annual Flows and Peak Discharges ; published 1992 by Catena Verlag.

Economic measures such as increased taxes on " the rich and corporations ", " strong regulation " of the financial industry, " regulation and public ownership of utilities ", and increased federal aid to cities and states ; opposition to the Iraq War and other military interventions ; opposition to free trade treaties such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ); nuclear disarmament and a reduced military budget ; various civil rights provisions ; campaign finance reform including public financing of campaigns ; and election law reform, including Instant Runoff Voting.

Runoff advocates counter that voters first preference is more important than lower preferences because that's where voters are putting the most effort of decision and that, unlike Condorcet methods, runoffs require a high showing among the full field of choices in addition to a strong showing in the final head-to-head competition.

Runoff from these glaciers and those on the surrounding volcanoes is a source of fresh water for forty surrounding towns, and Colombian scientists and government officials are concerned about the towns ' water supply should the glaciers melt completely.

Runoff from farmland is one of the greatest problems.

* Runoff Rapids is a inner tube run featuring two open and one enclosed tube slides.

Runoff from the glaciers in the Himalayas towards China ’ s lowland is regulated and stored in the Ruoergai marshes.

Runoff from the Recreation Center site is piped underground beneath Highway 19 and into the Retention Pond.

Runoff from rainfall is in the form of flash floods which may last from several hours up to two or three days depending on the intensity of rainfall.

His inability to make headway against the de facto two-party system as an independent in that election would later lead him to become an advocate for Instant Runoff Voting, helping to found FairVote in 1992.