( Some claim this section draws heavily on Aristotelian science and metaphysics ; others suggest that it is within the tradition of Saadia Gaon.

Half a century later Rav Saadia Gaon, also of Sura, composed a siddur, in which the rubrical matter is in Arabic.

Saadia Gaon's " Emunot ve-Deot " is an exposition of the main tenets of Judaism.

* 9th-12th centuries — Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ) and Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ) support a universe that has a finite past and develop two logical arguments against the notion of an infinite past, one of which is later adopted by Immanuel Kant

Though he quotes Saadia Gaon's works frequently, he belongs not to the rationalistic school of the Mu ' tazili that Saadia followed but, like his somewhat younger contemporary Solomon ibn Gabirol ( 1021 – 1070 ), is an adherent of Neoplatonic mysticism.

The oldest Jewish religio-philosophical work preserved in Arabic is that of Saadia Gaon ( 892-942 ), Emunot ve-Deot, " The Book of Beliefs and Opinions ".

For Saadia there was no problem as to creation: God created the world ex nihilo, just as the Bible attests ; and he contests the theory of the Mutakallamin in reference to atoms, which theory, he declares, is just as contrary to reason and religion as the theory of the philosophers professing the eternity of matter.

Here Saadia controverts the Mutakallamin, who considered the soul an " accident " arad ( compare Guide for the Perplexed i. 74 ), and employs the following one of their premises to justify his position: " Only a substance can be the substratum of an accident " ( that is, of a non-essential property of things ).

The oldest Jewish religio-philosophical work preserved is that of Saadia Gaon ( 892-942 ), Emunot ve-Deot, " The Book of Beliefs and Opinions ".

For Saadia there was no problem as to creation: God created the world ex nihilo, just as the Bible attests ; and he contests the theory of the Mutakallamin in reference to atoms, which theory, he declares, is just as contrary to reason and religion as the theory of the philosophers professing the eternity of matter.

Here Saadia controverts the Mutakallamin, who considered the soul an " accident " arad ( compare Guide for the Perplexed i. 74 ), and employs the following one of their premises to justify his position: " Only a substance can be the substratum of an accident " ( that is, of a non-essential property of things ).

In Jewish philosophy and in Jewish mysticism Divine Simplicity is addressed via discussion of the attributes ( תארים ) of God, particularly by Jewish philosophers within the Muslim sphere of influence such as Saadia Gaon, Bahya ibn Paquda, Yehuda Halevi, and Maimonides, as well by Raabad III in Provence.

Kutub al-Lughah is a work of Hebrew linguistics by Saadia Gaon, twelve " Books on Language " which are also designated as the twelve parts of a work entitled " The Book on Language ", in which, as the author himself states in his " Sefer ha-Galui ", he sought to explain the " i ' rab ", or the grammatical formation of the Hebrew language.

The Book of Beliefs and Opinions ( completed 933 CE ) is a text written by Saadia Gaon which is the first systematic presentation and philosophic foundation of the dogmas of Judaism.

It is thought that Saadia closely followed the rules of the Mutazilites-the rationalistic dogmatists of Islam-in the structure of the work, as well as, in part, basing his thesis and arguments on their works.

For this view three direct and three indirect proofs are offered by Saadia, the latter consisting in demonstrating that dualism is absurd.

According to a classification borrowed by Saadia from the Motazilites but based upon an essentially Jewish view, the commandments are divided into those of reason and of revelation, although even the latter may be explained rationally, as is shown by numerous examples.

The system of ethics contained in the appendix is based for the most part on a description and criticism of thirteen different objects of life, to which Saadia adds his own counsels for rational and moral living.

The Siddur ( prayerbook ) of Saadia Gaon is the earliest surviving attempt to transcribe the weekly ritual of Jewish prayers for week-days, Sabbaths, and festivals ( apart from the prayer book of Amram Gaon, of which there is no authoritative text ).

Not much is known regarding Bostanai's successors down to the time of Saadia except their names ; even the name of Bostanai's son is not known.

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

In Yemen, however, rather than abandoning the Aramaic targum during the public reading of the Torah, it was supplemented by a third version, namely the translation of the Torah into Arabic by Saadia Gaon ( called the Tafsir, though this Gaon was born in prominently Jewish at the time Sura Iraq, Babylon, moved to Egypt, arguably lead those two communities, and died in Jaffa ancestral Israel, he was not known to have ever been to the Jewish villages of Yemen.

Philoponus ' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

* Saadia Gaon compiles his siddur ( Jewish prayer book ) in Iraq.

The oldest was an adaptation of Saadia Gaon's Arabic translation of the Jewish Torah.

; 940: In Iraq, Saadia Gaon compiles his siddur ( Jewish prayer book ).

Saadia Gaon, David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas, Maimonides, and Thomas Aquinas, to name a few, knew of at least some of the Mutazilite work, particularly Avicennism and Averroism, and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek, Jewish, Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century, and taken during the Reconquista in 1492.

Saadia was thus in every way a supporter of the Kalam ; and if at times he deviated from its doctrines, it was owing to his religious views ; just as the Jewish and Muslim Peripatetics stopped short in their respective Aristotelianism whenever there was danger of wounding orthodox religion.

However, the most sophisticated medieval arguments against an infinite past were developed by the Islamic philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Islamic theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

His reasoning was adopted by many, most notably ; Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

At the end of the section Saadia refutes certain objections to the Jewish doctrine of Creation, especially those that proceed from the concepts of time and space.

* Saadia B. Joseph public domain, 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia

Under the influence of the Arab grammarians, Rabbi Saadia Gaon ( tenth century ) made the Jewish study of Hebrew grammar almost scientific.

* Saadia Gaon ( Jewish exegete and philosopher )

Saadia Gaon, who translated it into Arabic in the 9th century, ascribed it to the Maccabees themselves, disputed by some, since it gives dates as so many years before the destruction of the second temple in 70 CE.

Later Arabic translations also appeared ; one featured a further Samaritan revision of Saadia Gaon's translation to bring it into greater conformity with the Samaritan Pentateuch and others were based upon Arabic Pentateuchal translations used by Christians.

The text also contains liturgical poetry by Saadia, as well as Arabic language commentary.

In a later edition, Saadia added the Arabic translation of each word, and also included passages concerning various " memorable subjects of the poets ," and named the work in its new form " Kitab al-Shi ' r.

In his " Moznayim " ( Preface ) Abraham ibn Ezra mentions him between Saadia Gaon and Judah ibn Ḳuraish, and speaks of him as the author of a book " compounded of Hebrew and Arabic.

" He made great contributions to the knowledge of Saadia, and planned a complete edition of Saadia's works in Arabic and French.

He collaborated with his father in the great edition of Saadia and the edition of Abu al-Walid, and also produced a number of important editions of other Arabic writers.