The Sakhalin-I () project, a sister project to Sakhalin-II, is a consortium to locate and produce oil and gas on Sakhalin Island and immediately offshore, in the Okhotsk Sea, from three fields: Chayvo, Odoptu, and Arkutun-Dagi.

Japanese oil fields in Sakhalin and Formosa provided only about ten percent of the petroleum needed to sustain Japanese industry.

From 2011 until August 2012 the record was held by the 12, 345 metres ( 40, 502 ft ) long Sakhalin-I Odoptu OP-11 Well, offshore the Russian island Sakhalin.

For two decades it was also the world's longest borehole, in terms of measured depth along the well bore, until surpassed in 2008 by long Al Shaheen oil well in Qatar, and in 2011 by 12, 345 metres long Sakhalin-I Odoptu OP-11 Well ( offshore the Russian island Sakhalin ).

Japan gained a great deal from the treaty, but it was not what the Japanese public had been led to expect, since Japan's initial negotiating position had demanded all of Sakhalin and a monetary indemnity as well.

Most of the Sea of Okhotsk, with the exception of the Sakhalin Island, had been well mapped by 1792

According to Yuanshi, the official history of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols militarily subdued the Guwei ( 骨嵬, Gǔwéi ), and by 1308, all inhabitants of Sakhalin had surrendered to the Mongols.

By the mid-18th century, Qing officials had registered 56 surname groups ; of these, Qing sources note that six clans and 148 households were those of Ainu and Nivkh who came under the Qing administrative umbrella on Sakhalin.

South Sakhalin was administrated by Japan as Karafuto Prefecture (), with the capital Toyohara, today's Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, and had a large number of migrants from Korea.

In 1787 La Perouse decided not to risk it and turned south even though locals had told him that Sakhalin was an island.

Russia wasted little time after the Triple Intervention to move men and materials down into the Liaodong to start building a railroad from both ends — Port Arthur and Harbin, as it already had railway construction in progress across northern Inner Manchuria to shorten the rail route to Russia's sole Pacific Ocean naval base at Sakhalin Island, a port closed by ice four months of each year.

On the other hand, many Sakhalin Koreans who had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were left stateless by the Soviet occupation.

According to investigators, the Korean Air plane had strayed off course and into Soviet airspace near Sakhalin Island, and the attacking Soviet pilots claim it had ignored warnings before they shot it down.

The Treaty of Shimoda of 1855 had defined the border between Japan and Russia to be the strait between Iturup ( Etorofu ) and Urup ( Uruppu ) islands in the Kurile chain, but had left the status of Sakhalin ( Karafuto ) open.

The Japanese who had been living there before mostly repatriated to Japan, but at least one-third of Koreans were refused repatriation ; stuck on the island, they and their descendants became known as the Sakhalin Koreans.

The Ainu languages that are now spoken by Ainu minorities in Hokkaidō ; and were formerly spoken in southern and central Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands ( an area also known as Ezo ), and perhaps northern Honshū island by the Emishi people ( until approximately 1000 CE ), are associated with the founding Jōmon people of Japan from than 14, 000 years ago or earlier, and the Satsumon culture of Hokkaidō, although the Ainu also had contact with the Paleo-Siberian Okhotsk culture whose modern descendants include the Nivkh people ( whose original homeland was mostly occupied by the Tungusic people ), which could have linguistically influenced the Ainu language.

* Korea, now free from Japanese rule, and Sakhalin, under Soviet military occupation, were Japanese territories before World War II and had millions of Japanese residents.

By this time the elder Yuvachev had already been imprisoned for his involvement in subversive acts against the tsar Alexander III and had become a religious philosopher, acquaintance of Anton Chekhov during the latter's trip to Sakhalin.

Successful military operations of the Soviet Army in Manchuria and South Sakhalin created the necessary prerequisites for invasion of the Kuril Islands, which had been occupied by the Japanese 91st Infantry Division ( islands of Shiashkotan, Paramushir, Shumshu, and Onekotan ), 42nd Division ( Shimushiro ), 41st detached regiment ( Matua Island ), 129th detached brigade ( Urup Island ) and 89th Infantry Division ( islands of Iturup and Kunashiri ).

He was born on the island of Sakhalin to a Japanese mother and an ethnic Ukrainian father who had fled the Bolshevik Revolution.

As a youth Senzaki's grandmother told him he had been abandoned as an infant and was discovered by a fisherman from Sakhalin island, Siberia who reportedly brought him back to Aomori Prefecture.

The Mongols had also made attempts to subjugate the native peoples of Sakhalin since 1260, which only ended in 1308.

Having acquainted himself with Japan and quickly mastered a language, Sergius showed himself a committed spokesmen for the Orthodox Christian faithful of Japan's recent acquisitions in Southern Sakhalin ( Japan had acquired Southern Sakhalin, or Karafuto in Japanese, as a result of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 ); and he secured the return of confiscated Church property to the faithful.

Sahaliyan, the word that has been borrowed in the form of " Sakhalin ", means " black " in Manchu and is the proper Manchu name of the Amur River ( sahaliyan ula, literally " Black River " ; see Sikhote-Alin ).

It may also be related to names for other islands that have traditionally been inhabited by the Ainu people, such as Kuyi or Kuye for Sakhalin and Kai for Hokkaidō.

There has been significant criticism, including from Presidential Envoy Kamil Iskhakov, that Sakhalin is not caring for its citizens.

The Fusang described by Shen has been variously posited to be the Americas, Sakhalin island, the Kamchatka peninsula or the Kuril islands.

* In 1945 the Soviet Union province of Sakhalin been formed which included Kunashir District.

Since 1973, it has been the Sakhalin terminal of a SASCO train ferry to the port of Vanino on the Russian mainland, connecting the mainline rail network with that of the island.

M. cerebralis has been reported in Germany ( 1893 ), Italy ( 1954 ), USSR ( 1955 ), including Sakhalin Island ( 1960 ), USA ( 1958 ), Bulgaria ( 1960 ), Yugoslavia ( 1960 ), Sweden ( 1966 ), South Africa ( 1966 ), Scotland ( 1968 ), New Zealand ( 1971 ), Ecuador ( 1971 ), Norway ( 1971 ), Colombia ( 1972 ), Lebanon ( 1973 ), Ireland ( 1974 ), Spain ( 1981 ) and England ( 1981 )

* Data on Kuril Ainu is scarce, but it is thought to have been as divergent as Sakhalin and Hokkaidō.

The Ainu of Sakhalin and the Kurils appear to have been a relatively recent expansion from Hokkaido, displacing the indigenous Okhotsk culture ( in the case of Sakhalin, Ainu oral history records their displacement of an indigenous people they called the Tonchi who, based on toponymic evidence, were evidently the Nivkh ), and indeed a mixed Kamchadal – Kuril Ainu population is attested from southern Kamchatka.

A primer has been published, and the language is taught in one school on Sakhalin.

Oil wells have been drilled off the west coast of Honshū and Japan has oil concessions in North Sakhalin.

Malakhov has been instrumental in opening up the Sakhalin region to economic development and mineral exploration.

This map from a 1773 atlas, based on the: commons: File: CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-Amur-2572. jpg | earlier work by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d ' Anville | d ' Anville, who in his turn made use of the information collected by Jesuit missions in China | Jesuits in 1709, asserts the existence of Sakhalin — but only assigns to it the northern half of the island and its northeastern coast ( with Cape Patience, discovered by Maarten Gerritsz Vries | de Vries in 1643 ).

As a result, many 17th century maps showed a rather strangely shaped Sakhalin, which included only the northern half of the island ( with Cape Patience ), while Cape Aniva discovered by de Vries and the " Black Cape " ( Cape Crillon ) were thought to be part of the mainland.

De Vries discovered Yeso ( Hokkaidō ), Sakhalin and the southernmost of the Kuril Islands.

The Ainu were distributed in the northern and central islands of Japan, from Sakhalin island in the north to the Kuril islands and the island of Hokkaidō and Northern Honshū, although some investigators place their former range as throughout Honshū and as far north as the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula in what is now Cape Lopatka.

On 18 December 2011 the Russian oil drilling rig Kolskaya capsized and sank in a storm in the Sea of Okhotsk, some 124 km from Sakhalin Island, where it was being towed from Kamchatka.

The Mongol Empire made some efforts to subjugate the native people of Sakhalin starting in about 1264 CE.

There is some evidence that the Ming eunuch admiral Yishiha reached Sakhalin in 1413 during one of his expeditions to the lower Amur, and granted Ming titles to a local chieftain.

Out of some 448, 000 Japanese residents of South Sakhalin who lived there in 1944, a significant number were evacuated to Japan during the last days of the war, but the remaining 300, 000 or so stayed behind for several more years.

At the beginning of the 20th century, some 32, 000 Russians ( of whom over 22, 000 were convicts ) inhabited Sakhalin along with several thousand native inhabitants.

The bird fauna is mostly the common east Siberian, but there are some endemic or near-endemic breeding species, notably the endangered Nordmann's Greenshank ( Tringa guttifer ) and the Sakhalin Leaf Warbler ( Phylloscopus borealoides ).

Contact with the Russians and constant demand for fur taxes pushed the Evenkis east all the way to Sakhalin island, where some still live today ( Cassell ’ s ).

There are also small numbers of Japanese people in Russia some whose heritage date back to the times when both countries shared the territories of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ; some Japanese communists settled in the Soviet Union, including Mutsuo Hakamada, the brother of former Japanese Communist Party chairman Satomi Hakamada whose daughter Irina Hakamada is a notable Russian political figure.

There are about 444, 000 ethnic Yakuts ( Russian census, 2002 ) mainly in the Republic of Sakha ( Yakutia ) in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenki Autonomous Districts.

In the 19th century, some of them migrated to Sakhalin.