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Sanger and determined
The genome sequence of S. scabies, a member of the genus with the ability to cause potato scab disease, has been determined at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
The genome sequence of Neospora caninum has been determined by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the University of Liverpool.

Sanger and amino
* 1951 — Fred Sanger, Hans Tuppy, and Ted Thompson completed their chromatographic analysis of the insulin amino acid sequence.

Sanger and acid
Gilbert and Sanger were recognized for their pioneering work in devising methods for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid.

Sanger and sequence
Traditional DNA sequencing techniques such as Maxam-Gilbert or Sanger methods used polyacrylamide gels to separate DNA fragments differing by a single base-pair in length so the sequence could be read.
* Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute C. elegans page-half of the genome sequence is maintained by this institute
* 1968 — Fred Sanger used radioactive phosphorus as a tracer to chromatographically decipher a 120 base long RNA sequence.
* 1978 — Frederick Sanger presented the 5, 386 base sequence for the virus PhiX174 ; first sequencing of an entire genome.
The sequence of the S. pombe genome was published in 2002, by a consortium led by the Sanger Institute, becoming the sixth model eukaryotic organism whose genome has been fully sequenced.
However, due to the much higher throughput and lower cost than Sanger sequencing, the adoption of this technology by genome centers pushed development of sequence assemblers to deal with this new type of sequences.
Currently, a limitation of the method is that the lengths of individual reads of DNA sequence are in the neighborhood of 300-500 nucleotides, shorter than the 800-1000 obtainable with chain termination methods ( e. g. Sanger sequencing ).
It combined an in vitro paired-tag library with emulsion PCR, an automated microscope, and ligation-based sequencing chemistry to sequence an E. coli genome at an accuracy of > 99. 9999 % and a cost approximately 1 / 10 that of Sanger sequencing.
* Sanger sequence
Though this was before the days of massive outputs of sequence information by automated and other methods, Margaret Dayhoff anticipated the potential of computers to the current theories of Zuckerkandl & Pauling and the method which Sanger had engineered.
Common challenges of DNA sequencing with the Sanger method include poor quality in the first 15-40 bases of the sequence due to primer binding and deteriorating quality of sequencing traces after 700-900 bases.
The Sanger Institute was opened in 1993, three years after the inception of the Human Genome Project, and went on to make the largest single contribution to the gold standard sequence of the human genome, published in 2004.
In 2010, the Sanger Institute announced its participation in the UK10K project, which will sequence the genomes of 10, 000 individuals to identify rare genetic variants and their effects on human health.
Mouse and zebrafish genetics programme at the Sanger Institute uses genome sequence of these model organisms to understand basic biological mechanisms, and gene function in human health and disease.
The output of the Sanger Institute is around 10 billion bases of raw sequence data per day.
The protein was later sequenced by Frank W. Putnam Sr. at the laboratory of Fred Sanger in Cambridge, who was the first to report the entire sequence.

Sanger and insulin
The hormone responsible, insulin, was not discovered until Frederick Sanger sequenced it in 1953.
The first protein to be sequenced was insulin, by Frederick Sanger, in 1949.
Although never given much credence, these alternative models were finally disproved when Frederick Sanger successfully sequenced insulin and by the crystallographic determination of myoglobin and hemoglobin by Max Perutz and John Kendrew.
* Frederick Sanger, fellow of King's, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 " for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin ".
Since the very first sequences of the insulin protein was characterised by Fred Sanger in 1951 biologists have been trying to use this knowledge to understand the function of molecules.
Between 1942 and 1948 he studied peptides of the protein group gramicidin, work later used by Frederick Sanger in determining the structure of insulin.

Sanger and thus
In microfluidic Sanger sequencing the entire thermocycling amplification of DNA fragments as well as their separation by electrophoresis is done on a single glass wafer ( approximately 10 cm in diameter ) thus reducing the reagent usage as well as cost.

Sanger and proteins
These include Frederick Sanger, who was awarded the Copley Medal in 1977 " n recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids " and is one of four people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes, having won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 and 1980.

Sanger and acids
Sanger was awarded his second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980 jointly with Walter Gilbert for " their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids ".

Sanger and rather
It differs from Sanger sequencing, in that it relies on the detection of pyrophosphate release on nucleotide incorporation, rather than chain termination with dideoxynucleotides.

Sanger and than
Some countries in northwestern Europe had more liberal policies towards contraception than the United States at the time, and when Sanger visited a Dutch birth control clinic in 1915, she learned about diaphragms and became convinced that they were a more effective means of contraception than the suppositories and douches that she had been distributing back in the United States.
More genome data is now being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing.
Rather than backing away from controversy, Sanger and her sister Ethel Byrne, also a nurse, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States on October 16, 1916, modeled after those Sanger had seen in Holland.
This new sequencing methods generated reads much shorter than from Sanger sequencing: initially about 100 bases, now 400-500 bases.
The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1977 soon became the method of choice, owing to its relative ease and reliability. The chain-terminator method uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the Maxam and Gilbert method.
These techniques for sequencing DNA generate shorter fragments than Sanger sequencing ; 454 pyrosequencing typically produces ~ 400 bp reads, Illumina and SOLiD produce 25-75 bp reads.
These read lengths are significantly shorter than the typical Sanger sequencing read length of ~ 750 bp.

Sanger and .
At its peak of popularity eugenics was supported by a wide variety of prominent people, including Winston Churchill, Margaret Sanger, Marie Stopes, H. G. Wells, Theodore Roosevelt, George Bernard Shaw, John Maynard Keynes, John Harvey Kellogg, Linus Pauling and Sidney Webb.
The next year, Phage Φ-X174, with only 5386 base pairs, became the first DNA-genome project to be completed, by Fred Sanger.
With his wife's consent, Wells had affairs with a number of women, including the American birth control activist Margaret Sanger and novelist Elizabeth von Arnim.
In 1980, Frederick Sanger won his second Nobel Prize in Chemistry and became the fourth person to win two Nobel Prizes.
Margaret Higgins Sanger ( September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966 ) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, and nurse.
Sanger coined the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established Planned Parenthood.
Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by opponents of birth control and has also been criticized for supporting eugenics, but remains an iconic figure in the American reproductive rights movement.
In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to her arrest for distributing information on contraception.
Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children.
In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.
In New York, Sanger organized the first birth control clinic staffed by all-female doctors, as well as a clinic in Harlem with an entirely African-American staff.
From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation.
Sanger with sons Grant and Stuart, c. 1919
Margaret Sanger was born as Margaret Higgins in Corning, New York.
Sanger was the sixth of eleven children, and spent much of her youth assisting with household chores and caring for her younger siblings.
Toward the end of the century, the mother of one of her Claverack friends arranged for Sanger to enroll in a nursing program at a hospital in White Plains, an affluent New York City suburb.
In 1912, after a fire destroyed their home in Hastings-on-Hudson, the Sanger family moved back to New York City, where Margaret began working as a nurse in the East Side slums of Manhattan.
Starting in 1911, Sanger wrote a series of articles about sexual education entitled " What Every Mother Should Know " and " What Every Girl Should Know " for the socialist magazine New York Call.
In 1913, Sanger worked as a nurse at Henry Street Settlement in New York's Lower East Side, often with poor women who were suffering due to frequent childbirth and self-induced abortions.
Searching for something that would help these women, Sanger visited public libraries, but was unable to find information on contraception.
These problems were epitomized in a story that Sanger would later recount in her speeches: while Sanger was working as a nurse, she was called to Sadie Sachs ' apartment after Sachs had become extremely ill due to a self-induced abortion.

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