The hormone responsible, insulin, was not discovered until Frederick Sanger sequenced it in 1953.

At its peak of popularity eugenics was supported by a wide variety of prominent people, including Winston Churchill, Margaret Sanger, Marie Stopes, H. G. Wells, Theodore Roosevelt, George Bernard Shaw, John Maynard Keynes, John Harvey Kellogg, Linus Pauling and Sidney Webb.

Margaret Higgins Sanger ( September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966 ) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, and nurse.

Margaret Sanger was born as Margaret Higgins in Corning, New York.

Searching for something that would help these women, Sanger visited public libraries, but was unable to find information on contraception.

These problems were epitomized in a story that Sanger would later recount in her speeches: while Sanger was working as a nurse, she was called to Sadie Sachs ' apartment after Sachs had become extremely ill due to a self-induced abortion.

A few months later, Sanger was once again called back to the Sachs ' apartment — only this time, Sadie was found dead after yet another self-induced abortion.

" Although Sadie Sachs was possibly a fictional composite of several women Sanger had known, this story marks the time when Sanger began to devote her life to help desperate women before they were driven to pursue dangerous and illegal abortions.

Sanger was indicted in August 1914 on three counts of violating obscenity laws and a fourth count of " inciting murder and assassination ".

Nine days after the clinic opened, Sanger was arrested for breaking a New York state law that prohibited distribution of contraceptives, and went to trial in January 1917.

Sanger was convicted ; the trial judge held that women did not have " the right to copulate with a feeling of security that there will be no resulting conception.

" Sanger was offered a more lenient sentence if she promised to not break the law again, but she replied: " I cannot respect the law as it exists today.

Sanger became estranged from her husband in 1913, and the couple's divorce was finalized in 1921.

After Sanger discovered that physicians were exempt from the law that prohibited the distribution of contraceptive information to women — provided it was prescribed for medical reasons — she established the Clinical Research Bureau ( CRB ) in 1923 to exploit this loophole.

The first protein to be sequenced was insulin, by Frederick Sanger, in 1949.

The Tasmanian devil's genome was sequenced in 2010 by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

In 1979, Gilbert was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Frederick Sanger.

Gilbert was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, shared with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg.

During the early 20th century, prominent feminist and birth control advocate Margaret Sanger argued that abstinence from sexual activity led to greater endurance and strength, and was a sign of the best of the species:

The sequence of the S. pombe genome was published in 2002, by a consortium led by the Sanger Institute, becoming the sixth model eukaryotic organism whose genome has been fully sequenced.

Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children.

* Joan Rivers and James Sanger: Annulled in six months due to different views on having children.

Sanger also wanted to publish a book that directly described contraceptive options ( in contrast to the articles in The Woman Rebel which only indirectly discussed contraception ), so she gathered information, much of it from Europe, and published the pamphlet Family Limitation, in direct violation of the Comstock Law.

Although never given much credence, these alternative models were finally disproved when Frederick Sanger successfully sequenced insulin and by the crystallographic determination of myoglobin and hemoglobin by Max Perutz and John Kendrew.

Recent genome research by Luca Pagani of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute suggests that a non-African component of present-day Ethiopian people has much in common with people of the area around Syria, and that the introduction of that Syrian genetic component took place approximately 3, 000 years ago.

This new sequencing methods generated reads much shorter than from Sanger sequencing: initially about 100 bases, now 400-500 bases.

However, due to the much higher throughput and lower cost than Sanger sequencing, the adoption of this technology by genome centers pushed development of sequence assemblers to deal with this new type of sequences.

In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to her arrest for distributing information on contraception.

Toward the end of the century, the mother of one of her Claverack friends arranged for Sanger to enroll in a nursing program at a hospital in White Plains, an affluent New York City suburb.

Sanger, collaborating with anarchist friends, coined the term " birth control " as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as " family limitation " and proclaimed that each woman should be " the absolute mistress of her own body.

Sanger's ally Upton Sinclair wrote an open letter of support for Sanger and her husband in The Masses and during her absence, a groundswell of support grew in the United States, and Margaret returned to the United States in October 1915.

After World War I, Sanger shifted away from radical politics, and she founded the American Birth Control League ( ABCL ) in 1921 to enlarge her base of supporters to include the middle class.

In 1952, Sanger told her friend Katharine McCormick about Pincus and Chang's research.

Many socialist activists attacked Rockefeller for ordering the massacre at Ludlow, including Margaret Sanger, who wrote an attack on Rockefeller and his family in her magazine The Woman Rebel where she referred to Rockefeller and his family as " leering, bloody hyenas of the human race who smear themselves with the stinking honey of Charity to attract those foul flies of religion who spread pollution throughout the land.

In 1924, at the instigation of his wife, he provided crucial funding for Margaret Sanger ( who ironically had previously been an opponent of his because of his mistreatment of workers ) in her work on birth control and involvement in population issues.

In a 1932 article published in The Nation, Margaret Sanger gave her personal reaction to the encyclical, saying that it was an obstacle to general approval of the birth-control movement by political leaders unwilling to oppose the leadership of the Church.

Sanger remained exiled in Europe until late 1915 ; William Sanger had been arrested and jailed for distributing one copy of " Family Limitation ", and Margaret Sanger returned to face the charges against her.

Rather than backing away from controversy, Sanger and her sister Ethel Byrne, also a nurse, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States on October 16, 1916, modeled after those Sanger had seen in Holland.

The origins of Planned Parenthood date to 1916 when Margaret Sanger, her sister and a friend opened the first birth control clinic in the U. S. in Brooklyn, New York.

Sanger, in her campaign to promote birth control, teamed with eugenics organizations such as the American Eugenics Society, although she argued against many of their positions.

Planned Parenthood has responded to this effort directly in a leaflet acknowledging that Sanger agreed with some of her contemporaries who advocated the voluntary hospitalization or sterilization of people with untreatable, disabling, hereditary conditions, and limits on the immigration of the diseased.