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BCG and vaccine
One example of an abscess is a BCG-oma, which is caused because of incorrect administration of the BCG vaccine.
Bacillus Calmette – Guérin ( or Bacille Calmette – Guérin, BCG ) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated ( weakened ) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured ( 230 passages ) in an artificial medium for 13 years, and also prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
At best, the BCG vaccine is 80 % effective in preventing tuberculosis for a duration of 15 years ; however, its protective effect appears to vary according to geography.
The BCG vaccine was first used in humans in 1921.
# Exposure to ultraviolet light: Concentration of ultraviolet light ( particularly UVB light ) from the Sun may have some effect on efficacy of the BCG vaccine.
UVB has been demonstrated to reduce efficacy of BCG vaccine in laboratory guinea pigs.
* Cancer immunotherapy / cancer vaccine: A number of cancer vaccines use BCG as an adjuvant to provide an initial stimulation of the patients ' immune systems.
BCG vaccine should be given intradermally.
Statens Serum Institut in Denmark markets BCG vaccine prepared using Danish strain 1331.
Japan BCG Laboratory markets its vaccine, based on the Tokyo 172 substrain of Pasteur BCG, in 50 countries worldwide.
WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive ( using the BCG vaccine ) was under way.
In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG (" Bacille de Calmette et Guérin ").
The health reform coincided with the development of a new vaccine and of new drugs ( e. g. BCG and penicillin ) that helped to treat a previously untreatable group of medical conditions.
: L03AX03 BCG vaccine
* Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered how to culture the tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( so called BCG or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ) at Institut Pasteur de Lille and developed in 1921 the first effective antituberculosis vaccine ;
Until 2005, the test was used in the United Kingdom to determine if the BCG vaccine was needed ; the Mantoux test is now used instead.
Most patient are aged less than 5 years, but the incidence is rare for children having BCG vaccine.
This vaccine produces higher levels of long-lasting cellular immunity when used together with the old TB vaccine called BCG.
He discovered the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, an attenuated form of Mycobacterium used in the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis.
Finally, in 1921, they used BCG to successfully vaccine newborn infants in the Charité in Paris.

BCG and made
Pacis ® BCG, made from the Montréal ( Institut Armand-Frappier ) strain, was first marketed by Urocor in about 2002.
Improvements were made in nursing accommodation in order to recruit more nurses and reduce labour shortages which were keeping 60, 000 beds out of use, and efforts were made to reduce the imbalance “ between an excess of fever and tuberculosis ( TB ) beds and a shortage of maternity beds .” In addition, BCG vaccinations were introduced for the protection of medical students, midwives, nurses, and contacts of patients with TB, while a pension scheme was set up for employees of the newly-established NHS.
In 1974 Henderson made BCG an independent business.

BCG and with
It was subsequently discovered that the BCG administered had been contaminated with a virulent strain that was being stored in the same incubator, and led to legal action being taken against the manufacturers of BCG.
However, a US Public Health Service trial of BCG in Georgia and Alabama published in 1966 showed an efficacy of only 14 %, and did much to convince the US it did not want to implement mass immunization with BCG.
# Background frequency of exposure to tuberculosis: In one hypothesis, in areas with high levels of background exposure to tuberculosis, every susceptible individual is already exposed prior to BCG, and the natural immunizing effect of background tuberculosis duplicates any benefit of BCG.
# Interference by concurrent parasitic infection: In another hypothesis, simultaneous infection with parasites changes the immune response to BCG, making it less effective.
As Th1 response is required for an effective immune response to tuberculous infection, concurrent infection with various parasites produces a simultaneous Th2 response, which blunts the effect of BCG.
The age of the patient and the frequency with which BCG is given has always varied from country to country.
Styblo and Meijer argued neonatal immunization protected against miliary TB and other noncontagious forms of TB, and not pulmonary TB which was a disease of adults, and that mass immunization campaigns with BCG would therefore not be expected to have a significant public health impact.
For these and other reasons, BCG was therefore given to time with the peak incidence of pulmonary disease.
Routine immunization with BCG was withdrawn in 2005 because of falling cost-effectiveness: whereas in 1953, 94 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB, by 1988, the annual incidence of TB in the UK had fallen so much, 12, 000 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB.
According to Brazilian law, BCG is given again to professionals of the health sector and to people close to patients with tuberculosis or leprosy.
An apparatus ( 4-5 cm length, with 9 short needles ) used for BCG vaccination in Japan, shown with ampules of BCG and saline
Someone with a positive tuberculin reaction is not given BCG, because the risk of severe local inflammation and scarring is high, not because of the common misconception that tuberculin reactors " are already immune " and therefore do not need BCG.
If BCG is accidentally given subcutaneously, then a local abscess may form ( a BCG-oma ) that can sometimes ulcerate, and may require treatment with antibiotics.
Immunotherapy with BCG prevents recurrence in up to 67 % of cases of superficial bladder cancer.
* Interstitial cystitis ( IC ) or painful bladder syndrome ( PBS ): BCG has been useful in treating some people with IC and / or PBS, which are chronic inflammatory bladder problems with unknown etiology.
BCG is one of the most widely used vaccines in the world, with an unparalleled safety record.
If BCG is accidentally given to an immunocompromised patient ( e. g., an infant with SCID ), it can cause disseminated or life-threatening infection.

BCG and strain
The Iacocca Foundation helped raise the $ 11. 5 million dollars needed to support a Phase I human clinical trial at Massachusetts General Hospital to test whether vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin ( BCG ), a weakened strain of bacteria that is used in the prevention of tuberculosis and in the treatment of bladder tumors and bladder cancer, as a treatment for advanced type 1 diabetes.

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