Albertus ' activity, however, was more philosophical than theological ( see Scholasticism ).

Alexander of Hales ( c. 1185 — 1245 ) ( also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius ) also called Doctor Irrefragibilis ( by Pope Alexander IV in the Bull De Fontibus Paradisi ) and Theologorum Monarcha was a theologian and philosopher important in the development of Scholasticism and of the Franciscan School.

The term transubstantiation was used by the Council, but the specific Aristotelian explanation given by Scholasticism was not cited as dogmatic.

His court was better regulated than that of any other German prince, and he bestowed a paternal care on the University of Leipzig, where a number of reforms were introduced, and Humanism, as opposed to Scholasticism, was encouraged.

According to Fortescue, it was from Western Scholasticism that hesychasm's philosophical opponents in the East borrowed their weapons.

In medieval European Scholasticism, science as taught at universities was obliged to restrict its attention to the natural world.

This writing was the first work of Scholasticism in Eastern Christianity and an important influence on later Scholastic works.

For example, in Scholasticism, it was believed that God was capable of performing any miracle so long as it didn't lead to a logical contradiction.

During this same period, Scholasticism, which had largely been a Latin language movement, was heavily criticized.

Ficino, an important figure in early modern philosophy, was influenced by a variety of philosophers including Aristotelian Scholasticism and various pseudonymous and mystical writings.

Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology.

Whether, and in what way, the distinctions between the attributes and the metaphysical essence, and among the attributes themselves have an ontological basis in the Divine nature itself was subject, which divided Nominalists and Realists, Thomists and Scotists, in the age of Scholasticism ( cf.

In the early seventeenth century the bulk of philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism, written by theologians and drawing upon Plato, Aristotle, and early Church writings.

Scholasticism, which was in decline in these times, was still taught ; and the students spent their time in metaphysical discussions.

Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology.

Voltaire was particularly energetic in attacking the religiously dominated Middle Ages as a period of social stagnation and decline, condemning Feudalism, Scholasticism, The Crusades, The Inquisition and the Catholic Church in general.

Throughout history, design of streets and deliberate configuration of public spaces with buildings have reflected contemporaneous social norms or philosophical and religious beliefs ( see, e. g., Erwin Panofsky, Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, Meridian Books, 1957 ).

A historically influential paperfolder, from childhood to his last, difficult days, in several works Unamuno ironically expressed philosophical views of Platonism, Scholasticism, positivism, and the " science vs religion " issue in terms of ' origami ' figures, notably the traditional Spanish pajarita.

While Catholics accept the Eastern Orthodox intuitive and mystical understanding of God as valid, they consider it to be complementary to the rational and philosophical Scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas.

Scholasticism dominated both the philosophical and theological landscape in the Middle Ages, with theologians such as Aquinas, Anselm of Canterbury, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Peter Abelard, Bonaventure, and Albertus Magnus playing key role in both philosophy and theology.

For example, Scholasticism the dominant school of thought during medieval feudalism, emphasized reconciliation with Christian theology and ethics, rather than development.

The Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation spearheaded by the Jesuits under Ignatius Loyola took their theology from the decisions of the Council of Trent and developed Second Scholasticism, which they pitted against Lutheran Scholasticism.

Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ( scholastics, or schoolmen ) of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 – 1500, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending orthodoxy in an increasingly pluralistic context.

* Scholasticism, a method of learning taught by the academics of medieval universities circa 1100 – 1500

17th-century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism.

Nevertheless, the Renaissance retained many models of thinking that can also be seen as medieval, with figures like Erasmus criticising medieval Scholasticism and superstition, but remaining loyal to the Catholic Church and Church doctrine.

* Don Monson: Andreas Capellanus, Scholasticism, and the Courtly Tradition.

Bourdieu first adapted the term in his 1967 postface to Erwin Panofsky's Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism.

Ramism could not exert any influence on the established Catholic schools and universities, which remained loyal to Scholasticism, or on the new Catholic schools and universities founded by members of the religious orders known as the Society of Jesus or the Oratorians, as can be seen in the Jesuit curriculum ( in use right up to the 19th century, across the Christian world ) known as the Ratio Studiorum ( that Claude Pavur, S. J., has recently translated into English, with the Latin text in the parallel column on each page ( St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2005 )).

There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism, which emphasized dialectic arguments in disputes of Christian theology as well as classical philosophy.

* The roots of European Scholasticism are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and Classicism in Europe would bring about the Renaissance.

Thomas Aquinas's masterwork, the Summa Theologica, is often seen as the highest fruit of Scholasticism.

Academic Scholasticism went into decline in the 1970s when the Thomistic revival that had been spearheaded by Jacques Maritain, Étienne Gilson, and others came to an end.

* Scholasticism Joseph Rickaby, ( 1908 ), 121 pp. ( also at googlebooks )

His point of view may be described as Scholasticism ; for, like the scholastic doctors, he believes that theology and philosophy are not opposed sciences, but that reason has to make clear the truths given by authority and revelation.

With the use of Scholasticism, Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica makes a structured treatment of the concept of will.

* Donnelly, John Patrick ( 1976 ) Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli's Doctrine of Man and Grace.

He suggests the dominant political theology of the time, Scholasticism, thrives on confused definitions of everyday words, such as incorporeal substance, which for Hobbes is a contradiction in terms.

The stimulus from the confrontation of philosophical systems involving certain differences was undeniable.

the `` sober opinion '' of his letter to Noyes, written when Hardy was eighty years old, is essentially that of his first `` philosophical '' notebook entry, made when he was twenty-five: `` The world does not despise us: it only neglects us '' ( Early Life, p. 63 ).

For the Lo Shu square was a remarkably complete compendium of most of the chief religious and philosophical ideas of its time.

Aldous Huxley was a humanist, pacifist, and satirist, and he was latterly interested in spiritual subjects such as parapsychology and philosophical mysticism.

Boethius ' Consolation of Philosophy was the most popular philosophical handbook of the Middle Ages.

He was undoubtably the biggest influence on Plotinus in his development of Neoplatonism, although little is known about his own philosophical views.

Two of Ammonius's students-Origen the Pagan, and Longinus-seem to have held philosophical positions which were closer to Middle Platonism than Neoplatonism, which perhaps suggests that Ammonius's doctrines were also closer to those of Middle Platonism than the Neoplatonism developed by Plotinus ( see the Enneads ), but Plotinus does not seem to have thought that he was departing in any significant way from that of his master.

The reports of his philosophical views suggest that he was a forerunner of the Greek skeptics.

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.

The term was coined by Michael Dummett, who introduced it in his paper Realism to re-examine a number of classical philosophical disputes involving such doctrines as nominalism, conceptual realism, idealism and phenomenalism.

Though not well known among philosophers, his philosophical work was taken up by Owen Barfield ( and through him influenced the Inklings, an Oxford group of Christian writers that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis ) and Richard Tarnas.

He was not without some philosophical training.

A thorough historical and philosophical study of ahimsa was instrumental in the shaping of Albert Schweitzer's principle of " reverence for life ".

This was part of Kant's critical program of determining limits to science and philosophical inquiry.

He was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools, and in particular with the developments of Neo-Platonism.

According to some scholars, the philosophical outlook of earliest Buddhism was primarily negative, in the sense that it focused on what doctrines to reject more than on what doctrines to accept.

It was one of the most popular and influential philosophical works, read by statesmen, poets, and historians, as well as of philosophers and theologians.

When the Shang were overthrown by the Zhou, a new political, religious and philosophical concept was introduced called the " Mandate of Heaven ".

Xuanxue was a philosophical school that combined elements of Confucianism and Taoism to reinterpret the Yijing, Daodejing, and Zhuangzi.

Herbert chose in the books that followed to undermine Paul ’ s triumph with a string of failures and philosophical paradoxes ; Dune was a heroic melody, and Dune Messiah was its inversion.

Following the examples of Vitruvius and the five books of the Regole generali d ' architettura by Sebastiano Serlio, published from 1537 onwards, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola produced an architecture rule book that was more practical than the previous two books, which were more philosophical in nature, his Cinque ordini di erchitettura ( The Five Orders of Architecture ) from 1562 ; the book is considered " one of the most successful architectural textbooks ever written ", despite having no text apart from the notes and the introduction.