Scientific realists point to the success of scientific theories in predicting and explaining a variety of phenomena, and argue that from this we can infer that our scientific theories ( or at least the best ones ) provide true descriptions of the world, or approximately so.

Scientific realists argue that we have good reasons to believe that our presently successful scientific theories are true or approximately true, where approximate truth means a theory is able to make novel predictions and that the central terms of such theories genuinely refer.

Scientific skepticism is different from philosophical skepticism, which questions our ability to claim any knowledge about the nature of the world and how we perceive it.

Scientific knowledge may not involve a claim to certainty, maintaining skepticism means that a scientist will never be absolutely certain when they are correct and when they are not.

In a 1975 April Fool article in Scientific American magazine, " Mathematical Games " columnist Martin Gardner made the ( hoax ) claim that the number was in fact an integer, and that the Indian mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan had predicted it — hence its name.

Anti-whaling groups claim this hunt is not sustainable, though the IWC Scientific Committee, the same group that provided the above population estimate, projects a population growth of 3. 2 % per year.

This caused substantial consternation among his fellow members of the American Scientific Affiliation ( ASA ), an affiliation of Christians who are also scientists, causing many to claim that Kulp had been contaminated with " the orthodox geological viewpoint " and this was responsible for his faith in the Bible being badly shaken.

But in August, 1981, following a formal claim for damages made by the trade union Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs in 1979, Parker's husband, Joseph, was awarded £ 25, 000 in compensation.

Scientific studies have shown that this claim is mostly accurate.

He denied this claim in a 2005 article in Scientific American describing it only as a speculation by conspiracy-theorists.

* American Scientific Affiliation, an organization of Christians in science

Although the concept of consilience in Whewell's sense was widely discussed by philosophers of science, the term was unfamiliar to the broader public until the end of the 20th century, when it was revived in Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, a 1998 book by the humanist biologist Edward Osborne Wilson, as an attempt to bridge the culture gap between the sciences and the humanities that was the subject of C. P. Snow's The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution ( 1959 ).

* John R. Hale, et al., " Questioning the Delphic Oracle: When science meets religion at this ancient Greek site, the two turn out to be on better terms than scholars had originally thought ", in Scientific American August 2003

Charles Sanders Peirce was a fallibilist and the most developed form of fallibilism can be traced to Karl Popper ( 1902 – 1994 ) whose first book Logik Der Forschung ( The Logic of Scientific Discovery ), 1934 introduced a " conjectural turn " into the philosophy of science and epistemology at large.

Physicist Sean Carroll believes that conceiving of morality as a science could be a case of Scientific imperialism and insists that what is " good for conscious creatures " is not an adequate working definition of " moral ".

* H. Floris Cohen, The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry, University of Chicago Press 1994-Discussion on the origins of modern science has been going on for more than two hundred years.

Recent historical interpretations, especially those influenced by Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962 ), portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems battling for intellectual supremacy in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside pure science.

While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity ( for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others ), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages ( for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī and Roger Bacon ), the dawn of modern science is generally traced back to the early modern period, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution that took place in 16th and 17th century Europe.

Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some — especially philosophers of science and practicing scientists — consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific.

* Toward the Scientific Revolution From MIT OpenCourseWare, class materials for the history of science up to and including Isaac Newton.

The International Council for Science ( ICSU ), formerly the International Council of Scientific Unions, was founded in 1931 as an international non-governmental organization devoted to international co-operation in the advancement of science.

' In 1989, Jerry Mahlman ( a proponent of anthropogenic global warming theory ) used the phrase ' noisy junk science ' in reference to the alternative theory of global warming due to solar variation presented in Scientific Perspectives on the Greenhouse Problem by Frederick Seitz et al.

A paradigm shift ( or revolutionary science ) is, according to Thomas Kuhn, in his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962 ), a change in the basic assumptions, or paradigms, within the ruling theory of science.

An epistemological paradigm shift was called a " scientific revolution " by epistemologist and historian of science Thomas Kuhn in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn wrote, " Successive transition from one paradigm to another via revolution is the usual developmental pattern of mature science.

Some historians point to the 17th century as the period when science in a recognizably modern form developed ( what is popularly called the Scientific Revolution ), and hence is when the first people who can be considered scientists are to be found.

Scientific research satellites provide us with meteorological information, land survey data ( e. g., remote sensing ), Amateur ( HAM ) Radio, and other different scientific research applications such as earth science, marine science, and atmospheric research.

In much the same way, American historian of science Thomas Kuhn addressed the structural formations of science in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

* Scientific field ( a branch of science ) – widely-recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature.

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, formerly the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal ( CSICOP ), is an organisation that aims to publicise the scientific, skeptical approach.

Scientific classification aims to group species together such that every group is descended from a single common ancestor and therefore it is frequently a goal to eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic.

* DYFI aims for Scientific socialism.

In January 1914, Rondon left with Theodore Roosevelt on the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition, whose aims were to explore the River of Doubt.

The World Conservation Strategy was developed in 1980 by the " International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources "( IUCN ) with advice, cooperation and financial assistance of the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) and the World Wildlife Fund and in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( Unesco )" The strategy aims to " provide an intellectual framework and practical guidance for conservation actions.

Informed by the aims of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) and its International Coalition of Cities Against Racism Initiative, the Human Rights Forum aims to highlight the Canadian Coalition of Municipalities Against Racism and Discrimination ’ s ( CCMARD ) ten common commitments.

In 1924 in the UK the chemist Harold Plenderleith began to work at the British Museum with Dr. Alexander Scott in the newly created Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, thus giving birth to the conservation profession in the UK.

by Sir Alan Walsh at the CSIRO ( Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization ), Division of Chemical Physics, in Melbourne, Australia.

13th Meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice ( SBSTTA-13 ) held from 18 to 22 February 2008 in the Food and Agriculture Organization at Rome, Italy.

* Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time ( 1995 ) – the genius in question was John Harrison, who spent decades trying to convince the British Admiralty of the accuracy of his naval timepieces and their use in determining longitude when at sea in order to win the longitude prize.

One of Hofstadter's columns in Scientific American concerned the damaging effects of sexist language, and two chapters of his book Metamagical Themas are devoted to that topic, one of which is a biting analogy-based satire entitled " A Person Paper on Purity in Language ", in which the reader's presumed revulsion at racism and racist language is used as a lever to motivate an analogous revulsion at sexism and sexist language.

The latter two radio technologies used microwave transmission over the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2. 4 GHz.

In 1995, Robert May, Baron May of Oxford, at the time the Chief Scientific Adviser to the British government, requested that the organizers no longer award Ig Nobel prizes to British scientists, claiming that the awards risked bringing genuine experiments into ridicule.

The documentary received international recognition winning the main prize at the International Vega Awards for Excellence in Scientific Broadcasting.

His engagement for the Lowell Institute lectures precipitated the establishment of the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard University in 1847 with him as its head.

Scientific research has found that these eye movements may correspond to the direction the dreamer " looks " at in the dreamscape.

A study at the Tulane School of Public Health conducted by James P. Carter and others reported significant improvement in cancer patient longevity ( 177 months compared to 91 months ) when patients practiced the macrobiotic diet, although an analysis stated about this paper, " Scientific evidence on the potential benefits of macrobiotic diets for patients with cancer is limited to two retrospective studies with serious methodologic flaws.

Scientific experiments have not yet pinpointed any definite evidence that this is the case, although they have placed upper bounds on the maximum possible relative change per year at very small amounts ( roughly 10 < sup >− 17 </ sup > per year for the fine structure constant α and 10 < sup >− 11 </ sup > for the gravitational constant G ).

Scientific studies on sleep have shown that sleep stage at awakening is an important factor in amplifying sleep inertia.

* William Leslie Edison ( 1878 – 1937 ) Inventor, graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 1900.

He remained in Harvard's doctoral program for several years, taking time out for his musical career and to work as a researcher at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.

* Berkeley Timesharing System at UC Berkeley Project Genie -> Scientific Data Systems SDS 940 ( Tymshare, BBN, SRI, Community Memory ) -> BCC 500 -> MAXC at PARC

With respect to the populations of Antarctic minke whales, as of January 2010, the IWC states that it is " unable to provide reliable estimates at the present time " and that a " major review is underway by the Scientific Committee.

He is also a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute.

Scientific discoveries, such as the theory of relativity and quantum physics, drastically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was fantastically more complex than previously believed, and dashing the strong hopes at the end of the 19th century that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in.

Wimperis, Director of Scientific Research at the Air Ministry, asked Watson-Watt about the possibility of building their version of a death-ray, specifically to be used against aircraft.