See, e. g., Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States, ( giving federal courts the authority to fashion common law rules with respect to issues of federal power, in this case negotiable instruments backed by the federal government ); see also International News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U. S. 215 ( 1918 ) ( creating a cause of action for misappropriation of " hot news " that lacks any statutory grounding, but that is one of the handful of federal common law actions that survives today ); National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc., 105 F. 3d 841, 843-44, 853 ( 2d Cir.

In many jurisdictions, copyright law makes exceptions to these restrictions when the work is copied for the purpose of commentary or other related uses ( See fair use, fair dealing ).

See List of political parties in the United States for a more comprehensive look at the politics of the Two-party system, Duverger's law.

See also United States environmental law and David Sive, an attorney who was involved in the case.

Though all episcopal sees may be considered " holy ", the expression " the Holy See " ( without further specification ) is normally used in international relations ( and in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church ) to refer to the See of Rome viewed as the central government of the Roman Catholic Church.

The Holy See has been recognised, both in state practise and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law, with rights and duties analogous to those of States.

Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfil the long-established criteria in international law of statehood — having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government and the capacity to enter into relations with other states — its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 179 states, that it is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations, and that it is: " respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world.

: See also Oral law ; Halacha l ' Moshe m ' Sinai ; Relationship between the Bible and the Mishnah and Talmud.

See Orthodox Judaism, Beliefs about Jewish law and tradition.

Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states ; analogous entities, such as the Holy See ; and intergovernmental organizations.

Traditionally, sovereign states and the Holy See were the sole subjects of international law.

See also: Japanese law, Judicial system of Japan

See Okun's law.

According to canon law, Albert was too young to hold such a position and since he would not give up the archiepiscopal see of Magdeburg ( in order to terminate the accumulation of archdioceses, which was also prohibited by canon law ), the Hohenzollerns had to dispense ever greater briberies at the Holy See.

( See also Biblical law in Christianity.

:( See also Kepler orbit, orbit equation and Kepler's first law.

Their extreme interpretation of Islamic law prompted them to ban music, television, sports, and dancing, and enforce harsh judicial penalties ( See Human rights in Afghanistan ).

During the " sede vacante " period, the College of Cardinals is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church ; however, canon law specifically forbids the cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See.

International law treats the Holy See, essentially the central government of the Roman Catholic Church, as the juridical equal of a state.

An allocution of the Pope often takes the place of a manifesto when a struggle between the Holy See and the secular powers has reached an acute stage.

He was a key figure in the Danish policies of territorial expansion in the Baltic Sea, Europeanization in close relationship with the Holy See, and reform in the relation between the Church and the public.

Its trade deficit has been increasing at a large rate since 1997 ( See chart ) and increased by 49. 8 billion dollars between 2005 and 2006, setting a record high of 817. 3 billion dollars, up from 767. 5 billion dollars the previous year.

See the discussion on the relationship between key lengths and quantum computing attacks at the bottom of this page for more information.

Giovanni Battista Bugatti, executioner of the Papal States between 1796 and 1865, list of people executed by the Holy See | carried out 516 executions ( Bugatti pictured offering snuff to a condemned prisoner ).

See Experiment for the distinction between these types of experiments or studies.

The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the electromagnetic force, which is one of the four fundamental forces ( See also: magnetic field ).

In 1448, he entered into the Vienna Concordat with the Holy See, which remained in force until 1806 and regulated the relationship between the Habsburgs and the Holy See.

( See e. g. " fukasetsu " ( Japanese ), or ineffability, a quality of realization common to many, if not most, esoteric traditions ; see also Jung on the difference between sign and symbol.

It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See ( 2, 750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad ) and the 1, 909 employees of the state.

: See also: Trade between Iron Age Britain and the Roman world

Pope John Paul II repeatedly emphasized his respect for Eastern theology as an enrichment for the whole Church, declaring that, even after the painful division between the Christian East and the See of Rome, that theology has opened up profound thought-provoking prospectives of interest to the entire Church.

In graph theory, an isomorphism between two graphs G and H is a bijective map f from the vertices of G to the vertices of H that preserves the " edge structure " in the sense that there is an edge from vertex u to vertex v in G if and only if there is an edge from ƒ ( u ) to ƒ ( v ) in H. See graph isomorphism.

As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: " See life with the wife you love " ( Ecclesiastes 9: 9 ).

For events between 1642 and 1648, See First English Civil War

See the article on line breaks for information about the division between lines.

In 1929, the Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See established the Vatican City State, guaranteeing papal independence from secular rule.

The title Patriarch of the West symbolized the pope's special relationship with, and jurisdiction over, the Latin Church — and the omission of the title neither symbolizes in any way a change in this relationship, nor distorts the relationship between the Holy See and the Eastern Churches, as solemnly proclaimed by the Second Vatican Council.

According to Cornwell, " the text, together with the Anti-Modernist Oath, became the means by which the Holy See was to establish and sustain the new, unequal, and unprecedented power relationship that had arisen between the papacy and the Church.

The Reichskonkordat, signed on 20 July 1933, between Germany and the Holy See, while thus a part of an overall Vatican policy, was controversial from its beginning.

Agatho also undertook negotiations between the Holy See and Constantine IV concerning the relations of the Byzantine Court to papal elections.

Nothing remarkable occurred under Clement IX's short administration beyond the temporary adjustment of the disputes between the Holy See and those prelates of the Gallican Church who had refused to join in condemning the writings of Jansen.

However, X-Pro peptide groups tend to have a roughly 3: 1 ratio, presumably because the symmetry between the and atoms of proline makes the cis and trans isomers nearly equal in energy ( See figure, below ).