( This sort of animal is called a " zombie " in thought experiments in the philosophy of mind ).

Some contemporary philosophers and scientists ( e. g. David Deutsch in The Fabric of Reality ) employ virtual reality in various thought experiments.

Gettier proposed two thought experiments, which have come to be known as " Gettier cases ," as counterexamples to the classical account of knowledge.

A number of authors have published papers disputing Nimtz's claim that Einstein causality is violated by his experiments, and there are many other papers in the literature discussing why quantum tunneling is not thought to violate causality.

As can be shown using simple thought experiments following the free-fall trajectories of different test particles, the result of transporting spacetime vectors that can denote a particle's velocity ( time-like vectors ) will vary with the particle's trajectory ; mathematically speaking, the Newtonian connection is not integrable.

Critics of the view have questioned the original thought experiments saying that the lessons that Putnam and later writers such as Tyler Burge ( 1979, 1982 ) have urged us to draw can be resisted.

It also seems that she could know on the basis of simple thought experiments that she can only think that water is wet if she lives in a world that contains water.

If we should say that no one could possibly know whether water exists a priori, it seems either we cannot know content externalism to be true on the basis of thought experiments or we cannot know what we are thinking without first looking into the world to see what it is like.

Rubik's experiments relied on Konstantin Korotkov's GDV device to produce images which were thought to visualize these qi biofields in chronically ill patients.

In theoretical computer science, a Turing machine is a theoretical machine that is used in thought experiments to examine the abilities and limitations of computers.

The issue is that for a given problem, multiple thought experiments could apply, and choosing one is a matter of judgement: different people may assign different prior probabilities, known as the reference class problem.

Through such thought experiments, Wittgenstein attempts to get the reader to come to certain difficult philosophical conclusions independently ; he does not simply argue in favor of his own theories.

It was the central topic in the famous Bohr-Einstein debates, in which the two scientists attempted to clarify these fundamental principles by way of thought experiments.

The full results of the experiments were published in 1942 in a book by Sherman and Wilkins titled Thoughts Through Space in the book both Sherman and Wilkins had written that they believed they had demonstrated that it was possible to send and receive thought impressions from the mind of one person to another.

This is often illustrated with thought experiments such as the " tachyon telephone paradox " or " logically pernicious self-inhibitor.

In engineering, fiction, and thought experiments, unobtainium is any fictive, extremely rare, costly, or impossible material, or ( less commonly ) device needed to fulfill a given design for a given application.

Jonestown, the Guyana location of the Jim Jones cult and Peoples Temple mass suicide, was thought to be a test site for MKUltra medical and mind control experiments after the official end of the program.

In 2007, the theorem was listed by Wired magazine in a list of eight classic thought experiments.

For example, one can apply the current understanding of grand unified theories ( GUT's-both quasi-classical, such as general relativity, and modern, such as quantum gravity, superstring, and M-theories ) to these three primary cosmogonic paradoxes in thought experiments.

Philosophers tend to motivate various conceptual analyses by appeal to their intuitions about thought experiments.

In the early 20th century, it was thought that Ohm's law would fail at the atomic scale, but experiments have not borne out this expectation.

Famous examples of thought experiments include Schrödinger's cat, illustrating quantum indeterminacy through the manipulation of a perfectly sealed environment and a tiny bit of radioactive substance, and Maxwell's demon, which attempts to demonstrate the ability of a hypothetical finite being to violate the second law of thermodynamics.

There are many different kinds of thought experiments.

All thought experiments, however, employ a methodology that is a priori, rather than empirical, in that they do not proceed by observation or physical experiment.

In physics and other sciences, notable thought experiments date from the 19th and especially the 20th century, but examples can be found at least as early as Galileo.

Prefactual ( before the fact ) thought experiments speculate on possible future outcomes, given the present, and ask " What will be the outcome if event E occurs?

Counterfactual ( contrary to established fact ) thought experiments speculate on the possible outcomes of a different past ; and ask " What might have happened if A had happened instead of B?

Some Shakespeare scholars speculate that it derives from Shakespeare's own draft, or " foul papers ," since it contains minor errors in speech labels and stage directions that are thought to be characteristic of the author in the process of composition.

In the Neolithic period ( see Neolithic Europe ), megalithic ( large stone ) monuments, such as the dolmens and menhirs at Carnac, Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens and elsewhere in France begin to appear ; this appearance is thought to start in the fifth millennium BC, although some authors speculate about Mesolithic roots.

This had led scholars to speculate that this part, and much else in John such as material in chapter 6, 14, 16 and chapter 21 was the work of a redactor who added sections to the original writing to perhaps make it less radical and include material the person thought was left out of the original account.

He'd be an idiot to let them stay he thought, but he couldn't send them on, either.

When they reached their neighbor's house, Pamela said a few polite words to Grace and kissed Melissa lightly on the forehead, the impulse prompted by a stray thought -- of the type to which she was frequently subject these days -- that they might never see one another again.

He thought of the jungles below him, and of the wild, strange, untracked beauty there and he promised himself that someday he would return, on foot perhaps, to hunt in this last corner of the world where man is sometimes himself the hunted, and animals the lords.

Miriam had not yet goaded him into mentioning her directly, but one can feel the generalized anger in Wright's remarks to reporters when he was asked, one morning on arrival in Chicago, what he thought of the city as a whole.

It sounded like a fair enough invitation, Peter Marshall reflected, and Bang-Jensen must have thought so too, because on the thirteenth, he met the group of three on the thirty-sixth floor of the U.N..

Let us survey for a moment the development of modern thought -- turning our attention from the Reformation toward the revolutionary and romantic movements that follow and dwelling finally on more recent decades.

Upon second thought we were forced to realize that we have very few reliable historical benchmarks against which we might compare the present situation, and that conclusions that present-day students are `` more '' or `` less '' religious could not be defended on the basis of our data.

Richard Peters, Secretary of the Board of War, thought Morgan was so extreme on the subject that he accused him of trying to pick a quarrel.

Tessie, everybody thought, was a strong woman, but she was only strong because she had Alfred to lean on.

It may be thought unfortunate that he was called on entirely by accident to perform, if again we may trust the opening of the oratio, for it marks the beginning for us of his use of his peculiar form of witty word play that even in this Latin banter has in it the unmistakable element of viciousness and an almost sadistic delight in verbally tormenting an adversary.

He thought he saw -- it awakened and, for a moment, interested him -- that Elizabeth held a leash in her hand and that a round fuzzy puppy was on the end of the leash.

He thought how this dainty, fragile older woman threading her way through the streets of Westminster on a day in June, enjoying the flowers in the shops, the greetings from old friends, but never really drawing a deep, passionate breath, was so like himself.

Now, Adam, in the gray light of afternoon, stared across at the hut opposite his tent, and thought of Simms Purdew lying in there in the gloom, snoring on his bunk, with the fumes of whisky choking the air.

He thought of Simms Purdew snoring on his bunk while Pullen James crouched by the hearth, skirmishing an undershirt for lice, and a wet log sizzled.

He thought of Simms Purdew, who once had risen at the edge of a cornfield, a maniacal scream on his lips, and swung a clubbed musket like a flail to beat down the swirl of Rebel bayonets about him.

It went right on creaking under his own considerable weight, and all it needed, Harold thought, was for somebody to fling himself back in a fit of laughter and that would be the end of it.

When they got home Harold was grateful for the stillness in the apartment, and thought how, under different circumstances, they might have stayed on here, in these old-fashioned, high-ceilinged rooms that reminded him of the Irelands' apartment in the East Eighties.

I thought you might get in on a morning train ''.

My first thought was how had it happened so soon, but I counted back on my fingers and sure enough we'd been living together six weeks.

The covers slid down his skinny neck so I saw his head, fuzzed like a dandelion gone to seed, but his face was turned to the wall -- there was the pale shadow of his nose on the plaster -- and I thought, Well you don't look much like a pig-drunk bully now.

He looked at her out of himself, she thought, as he did only for an instant at a time, the look which always surprised her even now when his uncombable hair was yellowing a little and his breath came hard through his nicotine-choked lungs, the look of the gaunt youth she had suddenly found herself staring at in the Tate Gallery on a Thursday once.

Counsel for the Government invited Du Pont's views on this proposal before recommending a specific program, but stated that if the court desired, or if counsel for Du Pont thought further discussion would not be profitable, the Government was prepared to submit a plan within thirty days.

You've probably given a lot of Christmas-season thought to the guns in your rack, but it's not easy to decide on a new one.

Their father, when he came back from those many business trips, just bumped their mother on the forehead with his lips and asked if anybody had thought to mix the martinis and put them in the electric icebox.