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Page "Spindle checkpoint" ¶ 34
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Separase and cleaves
Separase then cleaves cohesin, a protein responsible for holding sister chromatids together.

cleaves and molecules
Or it merely cleaves polysaccharide chains between residues that are not the terminal residue, although releasing oligosaccharides from conjugated protein and lipid molecules is more common.

cleaves and activate
In light, however, light strikes the photoreceptor which causes the photoreceptor to be inhibited ( hyperpolarized ) due to the activation of opsins which activate 11-trans-Retinal, giving energy to stimulate G-Protein coupled receptors to activate phosphodiesterase ( PDE ) which cleaves cGMP into GMP.
Also, GrB cleaves the protein Bid, which recruits the protein Bax and Bak to change the membrane permeability of the mitochondria, causing the release of cytochrome c ( which is one of the parts needed to activate caspase-9 via the Apoptosome ), Smac / Diablo and Omi / HtrA2 ( which suppress the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins ( IAPs )), among other proteins.

cleaves and .
The apoptosome cleaves the pro-caspase to its active form of caspase-9, which in turn activates the effector caspase-3.
This cleaves the phosphate groups and acts as the foci for calcium and phosphate deposition.
Chymotrypsin preferentially cleaves peptide amide bonds where the carboxyl side of the amide bond ( the P < sub > 1 </ sub > position ) is a tyrosine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine.
Chymotrypsin cleaves peptide bonds by attacking the unreactive carbonyl group with a powerful nucleophile, the serine 195 residue located in the active site of the enzyme, which briefly becomes covalently bonded to the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate intermediate.
Typically, to generate the name of an enzyme, the suffix-ase is added to the name of its substrate ( e. g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose ) or the type of reaction ( e. g., DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers ).
R is an endolysin, an enzyme that escapes through the S holes and cleaves the cell wall.
This complex contains an endonuclease that cleaves perfectly complementary messages to which the siRNA binds.
PrP < sup > C </ sup > is readily digested by proteinase K and can be liberated from the cell surface in vitro by the enzyme phosphoinositide phospholipase C ( PI-PLC ), which cleaves the glycophosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) glycolipid anchor.
Different enzymes have different specificity for their substrate ; trypsin for example cleaves the peptide bond after a positively charge residue ( arginine and lysine ), chymotrypsin cleaves the bond after an aromatic residue ( phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan ), elastase cleaves the bond after a small non-polar residue such as alanine or glycine.
A specialized enzyme, sortase, cleaves the target protein at a characteristic recognition site near the protein C-terminus, such as an LPXTG motif ( where X can be any amino acid ), then transfers the protein onto the cell wall.
However, HpaII requires that a C within that site be methylated, whereas MspI cleaves only DNA methylated at that site.
Trypsin cleaves peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine, except when either is followed by proline.
This means that trypsin predominantly cleaves proteins at the carboxyl side ( or " C-terminal side ") of the amino acids lysine and arginine except when either is bound to a N-terminal proline., although large-scale mass spectrometry data suggest cleavage occurs even with proline.
At first, an immature form of the virus particle is produced inside the ER, whose M-protein is not yet cleaved to its mature form and is therefore denoted as prM ( precursor M ) and forms a complex with protein E. The immature particles are processed in the Golgi apparatus by the host protein furin, which cleaves prM to M. This releases E from the complex which can now take its place in the mature, infectious virion.
Activation of the binding receptors activates PLC, which cleaves PIP < sub > 2 </ sub > in the egg plasma membrane, releasing IP < sub > 3 </ sub > into the egg cell cytoplasm.
α-Tocopherol has a stimulatory effect on the dephosphorylation enzyme, protein phosphatase 2A, which in turn, cleaves phosphate groups from PKC leading to its deactivation, bringing the smooth muscle growth to a halt.
First the β-carotene 15-15 ’- monooxygenase cleaves β-carotene at the central double bond, creating an epoxide.
For to obey such a commandment would have been contrary to the nature of man, who generally cleaves to that to which he is used ; it would in those days have made the same impression as a prophet would make at present 12th Century if he called us to the service of God and told us in His name, that we should not pray to God nor fast, nor seek His help in time of trouble ; that we should serve Him in thought, and not by any action.
Meanwhile ‘ Anat finds Mot, cleaves him with a sword, burns him with fire, and throws his remains on the field for the birds to eat.
Staphylococcal resistance to penicillin is mediated by penicillinase ( a form of β-lactamase ) production: an enzyme that cleaves the β-lactam ring of the penicillin molecule, rendering the antibiotic ineffective.

cohesion and molecules
Because of this tension, water is literally being pulled up from the roots into the leaves, helped by cohesion ( the pull between individual water molecules, due to hydrogen bonds ) and adhesion ( the stickiness between water molecules and the hydrophilic cell walls of plants ).
However, as long as the air remains saturated, the natural force of cohesion that hold the molecules of a substance together acts to keep the cloud from breaking up.
This property is caused by cohesion of similar molecules, and is responsible for many of the behaviors of liquids.
A convex meniscus occurs when the molecules have a stronger attraction to each other ( cohesion ) than to the material of the container ( adhesion ).
As there is no contact between the liquid on either side of the siphon at the beginning of this experiment, there can be no cohesion between the liquid molecules to pull the liquid over the rise.
However, it is thought unlikely that microbes could survive at temperatures above 150 ° C, as the cohesion of DNA and other vital molecules begins to break down at this point.
The contact angle of the three-phase system is a function not only of dispersive adhesion ( interaction between the molecules in the liquid and the molecules in the solid ) but also cohesion ( interaction between the liquid molecules themselves ).
If there is a net attractive energy of cohesion in a bulk of similar molecules, then cleaving this bulk to produce two surfaces will yield surfaces with a dispersive surface energy, since the form of the energy remain the same.
Van der Waals gases such as methane, however, have weak cohesion due only to Van der Waals forces that operate by induced polarity in non-polar molecules.

cohesion and hold
It is found that they generally hold true in the case of bird flocking, but the long range attraction rule ( cohesion ) applies to the nearest 5-10 neighbors of the flocking bird and is independent of the distance of these neighbors from the bird.
Merton clarified the concept by stating that a certain degree of social cohesion eases the productivity of a group and is therefore functional, but it can become dysfunctional when it surpasses a certain threshold, because then the members of the group may become equally indulgent and fail to hold each other to high performance standards.
The party further lost cohesion with some members including Gladstone, Graham and Herbert accepted cabinet posts in the new government led by Viscount Palmerston only to resign a few weeks later when the Government agreed to hold a commission on the conduct of the recent war.
Once DNA replication has finished, in eukaryotes the DNA molecule is compacted and condensed, to form the mitotic chromosomes, each one constituted by two sister chromatids, which stay hold together by the establishment of cohesion between them ; each chromatid is a complete DNA molecule, attached via microtubules to one of the two centrosomes of the dividing cell, located at opposed poles of the cell.
* c. In the main defensive battle: ( 1 ) hold and destroy the forces of the enemy's leading armies conventionally as far east as possible, maintaining cohesion with 1 ( GE ) Corps ; ( 2 ) in the event of a major penetration affecting 1 ( NL ) Corps sector, be prepared to hold the area between the roads A7 and B3 and to conduct a counterattack according to COMNORTHAG's concept of operations.

cohesion and sister
Gradually, the bi-oriented chromosome is pulled towards the center of the cell until microtubule tension is balanced on both sides of the centromere ; the congressed chromosome then oscillates at the metaphase plate until anaphase onset releases cohesion of the sister chromatids.
Genetic and biochemical studies in yeast and in egg's extracts in Xenopus laevis identified a polyprotein complex as an essential player in sister chromatids cohesion ( see the review from Hirano in 2000 ).
In this direction, Orc2 ( one protein included in the origin recognition complex, ORC, implicated in the initiation of DNA replication during S phase ) is also located on kinetochores during mitosis in human cells ; in agreement with this localization, some observations indicate that Orc2 in yeast is implicated in sister chromatid cohesion, and its removal induces SAC activation.
Scheme showing sister chromatids cohesion, anchored to spindle microtubule s via their kinetochores
Centromeric cohesion resists the forces exerted by spindle microtubules towards the poles, which generate tension between sister kinetochores.
In S. cerevisiae, Pds1p ( also known as securin ) regulates sister chromatids cohesion, because it binds and inhibits the protease Esp1p ( separin or separase ).
On the other hand, some experiments show that sister chromatids cohesion in the arms is lost gradually after sister centromeres have separated, and sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of the cell.
These microtubules exert a pulling force on the chromosomes towards the opposite ends of the cells, while the cohesion between the sister chromatids oppose this force.
At the metaphase to anaphase transition, this cohesion between sister chromatids is dissolved, and the separated chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle microtubules.
Other aspects of the spindle assembly checkpoint such as kinetochore attachment, microtubule function, and sister chromatid cohesion are likely to be defective as well to cause aneuploidy.
Curiously, Orc2 ( a protein that belongs to the origin recognition complex-ORC-implicated in DNA replication initiation during S phase ) is also localized at kinetochores during mitosis in human cells ; in agreement with this localization, some studies indicate that Orc2 in yeast is implicated in sister chromatids cohesion, and when it is eliminated from the cell, spindle checkpoint activation ensues.

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