Record of temple lands in Echizen Province in 757 ( Important Cultural Properties of Japan | ICP ); as head of the national network of Provincial temple | Provincial Temples, Tōdai-ji's privileges included a large network of Shōen | tax-exempt estates

Shōen, from about the 8th to the late 15th century, describes any of the private, tax-free, often autonomous estates or manors whose rise undermined the political and economic power of the emperor and contributed to the growth of powerful local clans.

Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology ( such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords ) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life.

He was in position to edict several laws and regulations ( most notably the Enkyū Shōen Regulation Decree ) during his rule, thus weakening the regency.

Nichinan began as part of the Fujiwara Shōen in the Heian period.

* Shōen -- the form of Japanese fiefdom that developed after the Taika Reforms.

Shōen appeared in the eighth century and disappeared in the sixteenth century.

Shōen of the second type, which continued from the middle of Heian period to the Sengoku period, are called chūsei-shōen ( 中世荘園, lit.

Shōen composed primarily of newly reclaimed land characterized shoki shōen, and accordingly shoki-shōen are sometimes called kondenchi-kei-shōen ( 墾田地系荘園, lit.

* Amino Yoshihiko et al., Shōen no seiritsu to ryōyū 荘園の成立と領有 Rise of Japanese Manors and their Territorial Rights, ( Kōza Nihon shōen shi 講座日本荘園史, 2 ), Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1991 ; ISBN 4-642-02692-4.

With it Saxony became a Constitutional monarchy and obtained a bi-cameral legistature and a responsible ministry, which replaced the old feudal estates.

There is also a broader definition, as described by Marc Bloch ( 1939 ), that includes not only warrior nobility but all three estates of the realm: the nobility, the clerics, and the peasantry bonds of manorialism ; this is sometimes referred to as a " feudal society ".

Since at least the 1960s, when Marc Bloch's Feudal Society ( 1939 ) was first translated into English in 1961, many medieval historians have included a broader social aspect that includes not only the nobility but all three estates of the realm, adding the peasantry bonds of manorialism and the estates of the Church ; this is sometimes referred to as " feudal society " since it encompasses all members of society into the feudal system.

The phrase " feudal society " as defined by Marc Bloch expands on the definition proposed by Ganshof and includes within the feudal structure not only the warrior aristocracy bound by vassalage, but also the peasantry bound by manorialism, and the estates of the Church.

The reaction to Napoleon's conquests of German countries during the era of the French Revolution ( 1790s to 1815 ), produced important institutional reforms, including the abolition of feudal restrictions on the sale of large landed estates, the reduction of the power of the guilds in the cities, and the introduction of a new, more efficient commercial law.

Reforms included the abolition of feudal restrictions on the sale of large landed estates, the reduction of the power of the guilds in the cities, and the introduction of a new, more efficient commercial law.

Vestigial feudal power structures structures of major old estates remained well into the 18th century.

After solidifying the reunification of China through his Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Mao enacted sweeping land reform, by using violence and terror to overthrow the feudal landlords before seizing their large estates and dividing the land into people's communes.

Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation-states as the focus of power.

Over the centuries, the family acquired huge landed estates, mostly in Moravia, Lower Austria and Styria, but all of these rich territories were held in fief under other more senior feudal lords, particularly under various lines of the Habsburg family, to which many Liechtensteins were close advisors.

The statute Quia Emptores is also passed, reforming the feudal system of land leases and allowing the sale of fee simple estates.

Finding, as he said, that the liberality of former kings had left the Crown " no estates except the high roads of Portugal ," he determined to crush the feudal nobility and seize its territories.

An explanation could be that the feudal organization of the Hurrian kingdoms did not allow large palace or temple estates to develop.

After Porfirio Díaz rose to power in 1876, the Mexican social and economic system was essentially a feudal system, with large estates ( haciendas ) controlling much of the land and squeezing out the independent communities of the people who were subsequently forced into debt slavery ( peonaje ) on the haciendas.

Acquiring such feudal rights was regarded as essential to establish a family in the status and dignity of the late medieval gentry ; but for a long period freehold manorial estates had been very rare in the market ; and families of all kinds seized on the opportunity now offered to entrench their position in the social scale.

The law of Primogeniture in Europe has its origins in Medieval Europe ; which due to the feudal system necessitated that the estates of land-owning feudal lords be kept as large and united as possible to maintain social stability as well as the wealth, power and social standing of their families.

The period saw the disintegration of the older feudal order, the destruction of the monasteries and widespread economic changes, altering the links between castles and the surrounding estates.

Under Frankish rule, the villages of the district of Kyrenia became feudal estates and the town became once again the administrative and commercial centre for its region.

Prussia's free peasants, called Kölmer ( holders of free estates according to Culm law ), held with about a sixth of the arable land a considerable share as compared with other nations in the feudal era.

The lordship of Longdendale was one of the ancient feudal estates of Cheshire and included the area of Stalybridge.

The French were now occupying Gascony and Flanders on the technical grounds that their rulers had forfeited them by a breach of the feudal contract.

,,,, or,, or sometimes simply ) were the outcome of the growth of the feudal system from the 8th century onwards.

Lavoisier was a powerful figure in the deeply unpopular Ferme Générale, 28 feudal tax collectors who were known to profit immensely by exploiting their position.

Bokken were designed to lessen the damages caused by fighting with real swords and were used for the training of samurai warriors in feudal Japan.

In a much later period, when Greece was ruled by the Latin Empire, the same strongpoints were used by the new feudal rulers for much the same purposes.

While the Zhou can be labelled as feudal, others were centralized states.

Prominent opponents of the Crusaders were Raymond-Roger de Trencavel, viscount of Carcassonne, and his feudal overlord Peter II, the king of Aragon, who held fiefdoms and had a number of vassals in the region.

Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords.

Major parts in the spread ( and thus more durable growth ) of the population were played by monastical ' pioneering ' ( especially by the Benedictine and Commercial orders ) and some feudal lords ' recruiting farmers to settle ( and become tax payers ) by offering relatively good legal and fiscal conditions.

They were invested with feudal authority by Sultan Nur ad-Din Zangi and furnished respectable contingents to the Muslim ranks in their struggle against the Crusaders.

With the advent of the Ottoman Turks and the conquest of Syria by Sultan Selim I in 1516, the Ma ' ans were acknowledged by the new rulers as the feudal lords of southern Lebanon.

In feudal Japan, taiko were often used to motivate troops, to help set a marching pace, and to call out orders or announcements.

There were many varieties of feudal land tenure, consisting of military and non-military service.

Once the commendation ceremony was complete, the lord and vassal were in a feudal relationship with agreed obligations to one another.

It is this radical notion that peasants were part of feudal relationship that sets Bloch apart from his peers.

According to Bloch, other elements of society can be seen in feudal terms ; all the aspects of life were centered on " lordship ", and so we can speak usefully of a feudal church structure, a feudal courtly ( and anti-courtly ) literature, and a feudal economy.

Among the leading families of the Albanian feudal nobility were the Balsha, Thopia, Shpata, Muzaka, Dukagjini and Kastrioti.

This transition did little to relieve the islands of internecine strife although by the early 14th century the MacDonald Lords of the Isles, based on Islay, were in theory these chiefs ' feudal superiors and managed to exert some control.

In each of these, there were in the early Middle Ages a number of feudal lords who often were just as powerful, and sometimes more so than the rulers themselves.

For the remaining 8 years, the sectarian and feudal rifts of the 1821 – 1825 conflict were heightened by the increasing economic isolation of the Druze, and the increasing wealth of the Maronites.