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Shaftesbury and Hobbes
During troubled times at Yale University, president Timothy Dwight saw his students drawn to the radical republicanism and “ infidel philosophy ” of the French Revolution, including the philosophies of Hume, Hobbes, Tindal, and Lords Shaftesbury and Bolingbroke.
His standpoint has a negative and a positive aspect ; he is in strong opposition to Thomas Hobbes and Mandeville, and in fundamental agreement with Shaftesbury, whose name he very properly coupled with his own on the title page of the first two essays.
Thus, by the criterion of harmony, Shaftesbury refutes Hobbes, and deduces the virtue of benevolence as indispensable to morality.
From these results we see that Shaftesbury, opposed to Hobbes and Locke, is in close agreement with Hutcheson, and that he is ultimately a deeply religious thinker, inasmuch as he discards the moral sanction of public opinion, the terrors of future punishment, and the authority of the civil authority as the main incentives to goodness, and substitutes the voice of conscience and the love of God.
At that time, thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Shaftesbury, and Smith created the intellectual foundation upon which modern business and capitalism was built.

Shaftesbury and humans
The idea that in a state of nature humans are essentially good is often attributed to the 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, a Whig supporter of constitutional monarchy.
In his Inquiry Concerning Virtue ( 1699 ), Shaftesbury had postulated that the moral sense in humans is natural and innate and based on feelings rather than resulting from the indoctrination of a particular religion.

Shaftesbury and state
Shaftesbury was reacting to Thomas Hobbes's justification of royal absolutism in his Leviathan, Chapter XIII, in which he famously holds that the state of nature is a " war of all against all " in which men's lives are " solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short ".
Lough Neagh was widely assumed to be owned by the state, but in 2005 it publicly emerged that it is the ancestral property of the Earl of Shaftesbury.
* French police state that DNA tests confirm that the body found in the French Alps is Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury.

Shaftesbury and nature
The development of the concept of the sublime as an aesthetic quality in nature distinct from beauty was first brought into prominence in the 18th century in the writings of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury, and John Dennis, in expressing an appreciation of the fearful and irregular forms of external nature, and Joseph Addison's synthesis of concepts of the sublime in his The Spectator, and later the Pleasures of the Imagination.

Shaftesbury and were
" The eighteenth-century philosophers Shaftesbury and Hutcheson " were obviously inspired in part by Cumberland.
Like his contemporaries ( all of whom who were educated by reading classical authors such as Livy, Cicero, and Horace ), Shaftesbury admired the simplicity of life of classical antiquity.
Influenced by Shaftesbury and his followers, 18th-century readers, particularly in England, were swept up by the cult of Sensibility that grew up around Shaftesbury's concepts of sympathy and benevolence.
In 1001, Edward's relics ( for he was considered a saint, although never canonized ) were translated to a more prominent place within the nunnery at Shaftesbury.
Following her death, six of her short stories were adapted by Shaftesbury Films into the dramatic anthology series The Shields Stories.
Great abbeys and priories like Glastonbury, Walsingham, Bury St. Edmunds, and Shaftesbury which had flourished as pilgrimage sites for many centuries, were soon reduced to ruins.
Burlington, Kent and Pope were also informed by the writings of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury ( 1671 – 1713 ) who advocated ' variety ' in a garden, but not complete deformalisation.
A magnificent speech by Macaulay heaping scorn on the " freedom of contract " arguments of Bright, Cobden and Pease was of immense importance in the debate but all the humanitarians – Shaftesbury, Oastler, Fielden and others were instrumental in securing passage of the Bill.
He, however, refused to follow Shaftesbury in his extreme courses, declined participation in the latter's design to seize the Tower in 1682, and on Shaftesbury's consequent departure from England became the leader of Monmouth's faction, in which were now included Lord Russell, Algernon Sidney, and Lord Howard of Escrick.
On February 20, 981 the relics of St Edward the Martyr were transferred from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony, thereafter turning Shaftesbury into a major site of pilgrimage for miracles of healing.
Sir Thomas Arundel of Wardour purchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke then Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors.
During the reign of King Henry I, mints were located in Barnstaple, Bath, Bedford, Bristol, Bury St Edmunds, Cambridge, Canterbury, Cardiff, Carlisle, Chester, Chichester, Christchurch, Colchester, Derby, Dorchester, Dover, Durham, Exeter, Gloucester, Hastings, Hereford, Huntingdon, Ilchester, Ipswich, Launceston, Leicester, Lewes, Lincoln, London, Northampton, Norwich, Nottingham, Oxford, Pembroke, Pevensey, Rochester, Romney, Salisbury, Sandwich, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Southampton, Southwark, Stafford, Stamford, Sudbury, Tamworth, Taunton, Thetford, Totnes, Wallingford, Wareham, Warwick, Watchet, Wilton, Winchcombe, Winchester, Worcester, and York.
Stephen's coins were minted at Bedford, Bramber, Bristol, Bury St Edmunds, Cambridge, Canterbury, Cardiff, Carlisle, Castle Rising, Chester, Chichester, Cipen ( possibly Ipswich ), Colchester, Corbridge, Derby, Dorchester, Dover, Durham, Eden, Exeter, Gloucester, Hastings, Hedon near Hull, Hereford, Huntingdon, Ipswich, Launceston, Leicester, Lewes, Lincoln, London, Newcastle, Northampton, Norwich, Nottingham, Oxford, Pembroke, Peterborough, Pevensey, Rye, Salisbury, Sandwich, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Southampton, Southwark, Stafford, Steyning, Sudbury, Swansea, Tamworth, Taunton, Thetford, Tutbury, Wareham, Warwick, Watchet, Wilton, Winchester, Worcester, and York.
The unity of Piccadilly Circus had been upset by the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue, and the first proposals were unsatisfactory.
Though Lord Shaftesbury once encountered one of the age of four, they were considered to be too weak.
On the way from Wareham to Shaftesbury, a miracle had taken place: when two crippled men were brought close to the bier and those carrying it lowered the body to their level, the cripples were immediately restored to full health.
Sir Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour purchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke then Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors.
Shaftesbury was initially mollified by the fact that both of the Duke of York's daughters, Mary and Anne, were committed Protestants.
On 8 January 1674, Shaftesbury gave a speech in the House of Lords warning that the 16, 000 Catholics living in London were on the verge of rebellion, which caused the Lords to pass an address expelling all Catholics from within 10 miles of London.
In preparation for this parliament, Shaftesbury drew up a list of members of the House of Commons in which he estimated that 32 % of the members were friends of the court, 61 % favored the opposition, and 7 % could go either way.
There were some disagreements between Shaftesbury and Monmouth: for example, Shaftesbury was critical of Monmouth's decision to crush a rebellion by Scottish Covenanters quickly at the Battle of Bothwell Brig in June 1679, arguing that the rebellion should have been drawn out to force Charles II to recall parliament.
On 24 March 1680, Shaftesbury told the privy council of information he had received that the Irish Catholics were about to launch a rebellion, backed by the French.

Shaftesbury and neither
The Catholics were almost certain to be blamed for the murder, with calamitous consequences ; while neither Shaftesbury nor his colleagues, whatever their faults, were capable of murdering an innocent man whom they knew on the mere speculation that it would bring them some benefit.
Scroggs continued in his poor treatment of Catholic priests who came before him for trial, as he showed when he sentenced Andrew Bromwich to death at Stafford in the summer of 1679, however his proposing the Duke of York's health at the Lord Mayor's dinner a few months later in the presence of Shaftesbury indicated his determination not to support the Exclusionists against the known wishes of the king. At the opening of the Michaelmas Term he delivered a speech on the need for judicial independence: " the people ought to be pleased with public justice and not justice seek to please the people .... neither for my part do I think we live in so corrupted an age that no man can with safety be just and follow his own conscience.

Shaftesbury and good
The five turnpikes which met at Shaftesbury ensured that the town had a good coaching trade.
Lord Shaftesbury turned the convergence of public and private good around, claiming that acting in accordance with one's self-interest produces socially beneficial results.
Lord Shaftesbury turned the convergence of public and private good around, claiming that acting in accordance with one's self-interest will produce socially beneficial results.
" The production ran for 152 performances, transferring to the Shaftesbury Theatre and making a good profit.

Shaftesbury and bad
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, like Shaftesbury, also insisted that man was born with the potential for goodness ; and he, too, argued that civilization, with its envy and self-consciousness, has made men bad.
He also drafted a pamphlet that was never published, entitled " The Present State of the Kingdom ": in this pamphlet, Shaftesbury expressed concern about the power of France, the Popish Plot, and the bad influence exerted on the king by Danby, the royal mistress Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth ( a Catholic ), and the Duke of York, who, according to Shaftesbury was now attempting " to introduce a military and arbitrary government in his brother's time.

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