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Shaka's brother, and successor, Dingane reintroduced greater use of the throwing spear, perhaps as a counter to Boer firearms.
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Shaka's and successor
The first major clash after Shaka's death took place under his successor Dingane, against expanding European Voortrekkers from the Cape.
Isaacs left Natal in 1831, when Shaka's successor Dingane had prepared to massacre the few whites living there ;
Shaka's and Dingane
Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's half-brothers, appear to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with perhaps support from Mpondo elements, and some disaffected iziYendane people.
It was all the conspirators needed — they being Shaka's half-brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana, and an iNduna called Mbopa.
Shaka's half-brother Dingane assumed power and embarked on an extensive purge of pro-Shaka elements and chieftains, running over several years, in order to secure his position.
He assisted Dingane and Shaka's inDuna ( advisor ) Mbopa in Shaka's assassination at Dukuza in 1828, and was himself assassinated by Dingane shortly afterwards.
Shaka's and use
Developments and refinements may have taken place after Shaka's death, as witnessed by the use of larger groupings of regiments by the Zulu against the British in 1879.
: Combined with Shaka's " buffalo horns " attack formation for surrounding and annihilating enemy forces, the Zulu combination of iklwa and shield -- similar to the Roman legionaries ' use of gladius and scutum -- was devastating.
: Combined with Shaka's " buffalo horns " attack formation for surrounding and annihilating enemy forces, the Zulu combination of iklwa and shield -- similar to the Roman legionaries ' use of gladius and scutum -- was devastating.
When Shaka's mother Nandi died for example, the monarch ordered a massive outpouring of grief including mass executions, forbidding the planting of crops or the use of milk, and the killing of all pregnant women and their husbands.
Shaka's and throwing
It could theoretically be used both in melee and as a thrown weapon, but warriors were forbidden in Shaka's day from throwing it, which would disarm them and give their opponents something to throw back.
Slowed by the incline, and armed only with traditional throwing spears, they were badly mauled by Shaka's men in close quarters fighting.
The attackers were hindered by a change introduced during Shaka's rule that replaced most of the longer throwing spears with short stabbing spears.
Shaka's and spear
A number of writers focus on Shaka's military innovations such as the iklwa-the Zulu thrusting spear, and the " buffalo horns " formation.
Shaka's and firearms
As early as Shaka's reign small numbers of firearms, often obsolete muskets and rifles, were obtained by the Zulus from Europeans by trade.
In fact, European travellers to Shaka's kingdom demonstrated advanced technology such as firearms and writing, but the Zulu monarch was less than convinced.
Shaka's and .
He fought with his iziCwe regiment wherever he was assigned during this early period, but from the beginning, Shaka's approach to battle did not fit the traditional mold.
The large isihlangu shield of Shaka's day was about five feet in length and was later partially replaced by the smaller umbumbuluzo, a shield of identical manufacture but around three and a half feet in length.
Upkeep of the regimental system and training seems to have continued after Shaka's death, although Zulu defeats by the Boers, and growing encroachment by British colonists, sharply curtailed raiding operations prior to the War of 1879.
In Shaka's day, warriors often wore elaborate plumes and cow tail regalia in battle, but by the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, many warriors wore only a loin cloth and a minimal form of headdress.
A gradation of shield colour was found, junior regiments having largely dark shields the more senior ones having shields with more light colouring ; Shaka's personal regiment Fasimba ( The Haze ) having white shields with only a small patch of darker colour.
By the time of Shaka's assassination in 1828, it had made the Zulu kingdom the greatest power in southern Africa and a force to be reckoned with, even against Britain's modern army in 1879.
In this period Shaka's power grew, defeating several powerful local rivals and creating a vast monolith that was the most powerful nation in its region.
Shaka's success was to spawn several offshoots of the impi-style formation.
Nevertheless, Shaka's successors could argue that within the context of their experience and knowledge, they had done the best they could, following his classical template, which had advanced the Zulu from a small, obscure tribe to a respectable regional power known for its fierce warriors.
The Angoni adopted Shaka's military tactics to subdue the lesser tribes, including the Maravi, they found along their way.
Other historians note debate about Shaka's role as a uniter versus a usurper of traditional Zulu ruling prerogatives, and the notion of the Zulu state as a unique construction, divorced from the localised culture and the previous systems built by his predecessor Dingiswayo.
Shaka's hegemony was primarily based on military might, smashing rivals and incorporating scattered remnants into his own army.
Historian Donald Morris states that Shaka's first major battle against Zwide, of the Ndwandwe, was the Battle of Gqokli Hill, on the Mfolozi river.
Shaka's troops maintained a strong position on the crest of the hill.
Shaka's general Soshangane ( of the Shangaan ) moved north towards what is now Mozambique to inflict further damage on less resistant foes and take advantage of slaving opportunities, obliging Portuguese traders to give tribute.
It came relatively quickly after the devastation caused by Shaka's erratic behavior after the death of his mother Nandi.
Shaka's corpse was dumped into an empty grain pit by his assassins and filled with stones and mud.
brother and successor
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He was the second son of King Sancho Ramírez and successor of his brother Peter I.
His successor, Marcus Licinius Lucullus ( brother of the famous Lucius Lucullus ), campaigned against the Thracian Bessi tribe and the Moesi, ravaging the whole of Moesia, the region between the Haemus ( Balkan ) mountain range and the Danube.
Æthelflæd had been negotiating with the Northumbrians to obtain their submission, but her death put an end to this and her successor, her brother Edward the Elder, was occupied with securing control of Mercia.
Sher Ali Khan, his third son, and proclaimed successor, failed to recapture Kabul from his older brother, Mohammad Afzal ( whose troops were led by his son, Abdur Rahman ) until 1868, after which Abdur Rahman retreated across the Amu Darya and bided his time.
Their daughter Tashiraka was later married to Keitai, successor or possibly usurper after her brother, and became mother of Kimmei, a future monarch and lineal ancestor of all future monarchs of Japan.
A number of facilities at Pasadena City College ( successor to PJC ) are named in Robinson's honor, including Robinson Field, a football / soccer / track facility named jointly for Robinson and his brother Mack.
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# Frederick Augustus I ( b. Dresden, 22 May 1670-died in Warsaw, 1 February 1733 ), successor of his brother as Elector and later King of Poland.
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