As a basic starting point it is normally assumed that, for the purposes of analysis, the general algorithm is known ; this is Shannon's Maxim " the enemy knows the system " -- in its turn, equivalent to Kerckhoffs ' principle.

The widely accepted notion that the security of the system should depend on the key alone has been explicitly formulated by Auguste Kerckhoffs ( in the 1880s ) and Claude Shannon ( in the 1940s ); the statements are known as Kerckhoffs ' principle and Shannon's Maxim respectively.

Key influences include Afrika Bambaataa & Soul Sonic Force's " Planet Rock " ( 1982 ) and Shannon's " Let the Music Play ," the latter of which was a Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hit as early as 1984.

Entitled A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, Shannon's thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design.

The most fundamental results of this theory are Shannon's source coding theorem, which establishes that, on average, the number of bits needed to represent the result of an uncertain event is given by its entropy ; and Shannon's noisy-channel coding theorem, which states that reliable communication is possible over noisy channels provided that the rate of communication is below a certain threshold, called the channel capacity.

In the latter case, it took many years to find the methods Shannon's work proved were possible.

The landmark event that established the discipline of information theory, and brought it to immediate worldwide attention, was the publication of Claude E. Shannon's classic paper " A Mathematical Theory of Communication " in the Bell System Technical Journal in July and October 1948.

Shannon's entropy represents an absolute limit on the best possible lossless compression of any communication, under certain constraints: treating messages to be encoded as a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables, Shannon's source coding theorem shows that, in the limit, the average length of the shortest possible representation to encode the messages in a given alphabet is their entropy divided by the logarithm of the number of symbols in the target alphabet.

Roughly speaking, Shannon's source coding theorem says that a lossless compression scheme cannot compress messages, on average, to have more than one bit of information per bit of message.

Shannon's theorem also implies that no lossless compression scheme can compress all messages.

If a signal contains a component at exactly B hertz, then samples spaced at exactly 1 /( 2B ) seconds do not completely determine the signal, Shannon's statement notwithstanding.

More recent statements of the theorem are sometimes careful to exclude the equality condition ; that is, the condition is if x ( t ) contains no frequencies higher than or equal to B ; this condition is equivalent to Shannon's except when the function includes a steady sinusoidal component at exactly frequency B.

Theory behind DSL, like many other forms of communication, can be traced back to Claude Shannon's seminal 1948 paper: A Mathematical Theory of Communication.

According to Shannon's source coding theorem, the optimal code length for a symbol is − log < sub > b </ sub > P, where b is the number of symbols used to make output codes and P is the probability of the input symbol.

When such a fractionated message is transposed, the components of individual letters become widely separated in the message, thus achieving Claude E. Shannon's diffusion.

" In that form, it is called Shannon's maxim.

The technique was proposed in Shannon's " A Mathematical Theory of Communication ", his 1948 article introducing the field of information theory.

Shannon – Fano coding should not be confused with Shannon coding, the coding method used to prove Shannon's noiseless coding theorem, or with Shannon – Fano – Elias coding ( also known as Elias coding ), the precursor to arithmetic coding.

The king is sometimes given an arbitrary high value such as 200 points ( Shannon's paper ) or 1, 000, 000, 000 points ( 1961 USSR program ) to ensure that a checkmate outweighs all other factors.

The theorem establishes Shannon's channel capacity for such a communication link, a bound on the maximum amount of error-free digital data ( that is, information ) that can be transmitted with a specified bandwidth in the presence of the noise interference, assuming that the signal power is bounded, and that the Gaussian noise process is characterized by a known power or power spectral density.

This method, later known as Hartley's law, became an important precursor for Shannon's more sophisticated notion of channel capacity.

His first album, released in 1990, Bad of the Heart had many underground dance hits like Bad of the Heart (# 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1990 ), Look Into My Eyes (# 4 Hot Dance Club Play, 1990 ) and Without You (# 4 Hot Dance, 1989 ), all co-produced by New York producer Chris Barbosa who had produced Shannon's string of hits a few years earlier.

However, 14 kbit / s is only 40 % of the theoretical maximum bit rate predicted by Shannon's Theorem for POTS lines ( approximately 35 kbit / s ).

The tricky topography of the surrounding hills made the approach difficult and the first aircraft, Shannon's, made six runs before taking a break.

As random discharge of firearms are common in some areas of the U. S. on New Year's Eve, Fourth of July, and other holidays, four arrests of Shannon's law violators were made that night, and it is expected that more Arizona police departments will receive similar equipment.

Shannon's reporting on the minicomputer industry included extensive analysis of the inroads made by IBM's AS / 400 line of minicomputers against Digital's VAX line.

Depending on the model chosen, this may enable real computers to solve problems that are inextricable on digital computers ( for example, Hava Siegelmann's neural nets can have noncomputable real weights, making them able to compute nonrecursive languages ), or vice versa ( Claude Shannon's idealized analog computer can only solve algebraic differential equations, while a digital computer can solve some transcendental equations as well.

In Shannon's revolutionary and groundbreaking paper, the work for which had been substantially completed at Bell Labs by the end of 1944, Shannon for the first time introduced the qualitative and quantitative model of communication as a statistical process underlying information theory, opening with the assertion that

Shannon's theorem shows how to compute a channel capacity from a statistical description of a channel, and establishes that given a noisy channel with capacity C and information transmitted at a line rate R, then if

For example, it was almost impossible to run a dial-up line at more than 300 bits per second because of the overwhelming error rate, as comparing with 56, 000 bits per second today on dial-up lines ; and in the early 1970s few leased lines were run at more than 2400 bits per second ( these low speeds are a consequence of Shannon's Law in a relatively low-technology environment ).

Shannon's wife and seven children came by land with a drive of forty cattle.

* Shannon's Trust, support for people with aplastic anemia

In Shannon's approach, things are assigned codes with lengths based on their probability in terms of frequencies of occurrence ( as, e. g., in the Morse code ).

However, a well-designed SP network with several alternating rounds of S-and P-boxes already satisfies Shannon's confusion and diffusion properties:

Shannon's model can be adapted to cope with this problem ).

Computing research at MIT began with Vannevar Bush's research into a differential analyzer and Claude Shannon's electronic Boolean algebra in the 1930s, the wartime Radiation Laboratory, the post-war Project Whirlwind and Research Laboratory of Electronics ( RLE ), and Lincoln Laboratory's SAGE in the early 1950s.

Osborne and Macfarlane then exported the product to South Africa and with Shannon's financial backing, went to that country and a factory was installed in Cape Town, with Osborne managing sales.

Chris Barbosa is an American producer from New York who redefined electro funk as Latin freestyle in the early 1980s with Shannon's " Let the Music Play ".

Madsen has done several films with Daryl Hannah, these include Kill Bill, Shannon's Rainbow, Vice, and the upcoming films Eldorado as well as the film Garbage in which they play friends called Daryl and Michael.

According to The Sunday Times review, " The black backdrop of David Farley's rough hewn set and the stark minimalism of Rick Fisher's lighting suggest a self-conscious edginess, with Shannon's stylised make-up, long leather coat and brooding countenance only adding to the feeling ... Selina Cartmell and Cathal Synnott, the musical director, use the comparatively intimate scale of the Gate well.

In keeping with Shannon's claim to fame, a scavenger hunt was held, with tourists urged to " Find Private Shannon " by visiting all sixteen markers.

This episode would be Shannon's first appearance on the show, with her later guest starring in the episodes " Girls, Interrupted ", " Last of the Really Odd Lovers ", " Fagel Attraction ", and " One Gay at a Time ".

Shannon's use of the " Charlie Matco " nom de plume is said to have originated when, after drinking with friends in Massachusetts, Shannon walked out of a bar and saw a Matco Tools truck at a service station across the street.

* ShannonKnowsHPC. org — Shannon's HPC newsletter, with archives of his writing and presentations.

Some of these billboards were soon defaced with " El Diablo " in spray paint and it was reported in the local news that some members of the cities Hispanic, Latino and Chicano communities viewed Mr. Shannon's picture as a caricature of the devil.

When Shannon's boyfriend takes off with all of the money, Shannon goes to Boone's hotel room in Sydney, drunk, and Boone allows her to seduce him.