Chi flutes are mentioned in Shi Jing, compiled and edited by Confucius, according to tradition.

The sanctuary of Bibi Shahr-Banu situated in modern Tehran spur and accessible only to women is associated with the memory of the daughter of Yazdagird who, according to tradition, became the wife of al-Husayn b. Ali, the third Shi ' ite Imam.

He is best known for a series of paradoxes in the tradition of Hui Shi, including " White horses are not horses ," " When no thing is not the pointed-out, to point out is not to point out ," and " There is no 1 in 2.

Under the forty-year rule of the Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad, the doctrine of Imamate was further developed and, consistent with the tradition of Shi ' i Islam, the figure of the Imam was accorded greater importance.

The first emperor of Qin ( Qin Shi Huang ) combined the two characters huang ( 皇 " august, magnificent ") and di ( 帝 " God, Royal Ancestor ") from the mythological tradition and the Xia and Shang dynasties to form the new, grander title " Huangdi ".

The Government permits Shi ' a Muslims to use their own legal tradition to adjudicate noncriminal cases within their community.

The term is most often applied to Shi ' ite clerics, as Shi ' a Islam is the predominant tradition in Iran.

Accordingly, the Shi ' a Imam Ja ' far al-Sadiq stated " Taqiyya is my religion and the religion of my ancestors ", a tradition recorded in various sources including Kitāb al-Maḥāsin of Aḥmad b. Muhammad al-Barqī and the Da ‘ ā ’ im al-Islām of al-Qāḍī al-Nu ‘ mān.

Ja ' far al-Sadiq was 34 years old when his father was poisoned upon which, according to Shi ' a tradition, he inherited the position of Imam.

There is an ancient tradition of public performance amongst Shi ' i Muslims of a play depicting the life and death of al-Husayn at the battle of Karbala in 680 CE.

* the explicitly religious tradition, which emerged from the gathering places ( tekkes ) of the Sufi religious orders and Shi ' a groups.

The Government permits Shi ' a Muslims to use their own legal tradition to adjudicate noncriminal cases within their community.

The Shi ' a influence, on the other hand, can be seen extensively in the tradition of the aşıks, or ozans, who are roughly akin to medieval European minstrels and who traditionally have had a strong connection with the Alevi faith, which can be seen as something of a homegrown Turkish variety of Shi ' a Islam.

It is, however, important to note that in Turkish culture, such a neat division into Sufi and Shi ' a is scarcely possible: for instance, Yunus Emre is considered by some to have been an Alevi, while the entire Turkish aşık / ozan tradition is permeated with the thought of the Bektashi Sufi order, which is itself a blending of Shi ' a and Sufi concepts.

The folk poetry tradition in Turkish literature, as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sufi and Shi ' a traditions.

* the explicitly religious tradition, which emerged from the gathering places ( tekkes ) of the Sufi religious orders and Shi ' a groups.

Although the oldest surviving textual examples of surviving ci are from 8th century CE Dunhuang manuscripts, beginning in the poetry of the Liang Dynasty, the ci followed the tradition of the Shi Jing and the yuefu: they were lyrics which developed from anonymous popular songs into a sophisticated literary genre ; although in the case of the of ci form some of its fixed-rhythm patterns have an origin in Central Asia.

Shi ' a Muslims believe that Muhammad had settled the question before his death, by indicating that he wanted Fatima's husband Ali as his successor-since the practice of naming a successor was a tradition from all of the previous prophets.

Within the Twelver Shi ’ i legal tradition, the fourth source for deriving legal principles is not qiyās but rather the intellect ’’' Aql ’’.

In the tradition of the Twelver Shi ’ a, many dissolve the dust of sacred locations such as Karbala ( khāk-i shifa ) and Najaf and drink the water ( āb-i shifā ) as a cure for illness, both spiritual and physical.

It focuses on Islam in general, and in particular on Shi ‘ ism and the Ismaili community, its history, and its teachings as understood within the Islamic religious tradition.

There is a Shi ' a Muslim tradition called " Mushaf of Fatimah ", which speaks of Fatimah upon the passing of her father, Muhammad.

* The Zirid dynasty rejects the Shi ' ite obedience and the Fatimid domination and recognizes the Abbasids as their overlords.

The Shaolin Abbot, Shi Yong Xin, has written the foreword attesting the authenticity of the project.

* A Critical view on Kadivar's theory on authenticity of Shi ' ite traditions in Kulaini's Kafi

The scholarly Shi ' a understanding on authenticating the supplications as summed by S. H. M Jafri is to simply accept the texts as reliable on the basis of their content and to ignore their authenticity in terms of the sources from which the supplications are derived:

From the Shi ' i community's point of view, Kasravi crossed the Rubicon when he attacked the authenticity of certain essential pillars of Twelver Shi ' i thought and insulted certain highly revered Shi ' i infallibles.

Around 1058, a revolt on the island of Bahrain led by two Shi ' a members of the Abd al-Qays tribe, Abul-Bahlul al -' Awwam and Abu ' l-Walid Muslim, precipitated the waning of Qarmatian power and eventually the ascendancy to power of the Uyunids, an Arab dynasty belonging to the Abdul Qays tribe.

* Fatima bint Asad, Muhammad's aunt, the mother of first Shi ’ a Imam Ali bin Abu Talib, and the mother-in-law of Muhammad's daughter, Fatima Zahra

Shi ' i Muslims see his being killed at the hands of Muawiyah's army as significant because of a well-known hadith, present in both the Shia and Sunni books of hadith, narrated by Abu Hurayrah and others, in which the Prophet is recorded to have said: " Rejoice Ammar!

Some Sufi orders trace their lineage to Abu Bakr, the first Sunni caliph, others to ' Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Muhammad's nephew, whom the Shi ' a regard as the first imam.

* Shi ' a Muslims believe that the imaamate ( leadership ) was the right of Ali, and the rule of the first three Rashidun caliphs ( Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, Umar bin al-Khattab, and Uthman ibn Affan ) was unlawful.

Abu al -` Abbas, supported by Shi ' as and the residents of Khurasan, led his forces to victory over the Umayyads and ultimately deposed the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II, in 750.

The betrayal alienated Abu al -` Abbas's Shi ' a supporters, although the continued amity of other groups made Abbasid rule markedly more solvent than Umayyad.

However, the Shi ' a traditions do state ( about Imam Mehdi's nose ): " His Nose ; Abu Sa ‘ īd al-Khidri narrates from the Messenger of Allah ( a. s ) that he said, ' The Mahdi is from us the Ahl al-Bait, a man from my Ummah.

The Sunnis believe Abu Bakr was elected as Muhammad's successor while the Shi ' a ( literally " party Ali ") believe Muhammad appointed Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor.

Mahmud, although being an orthodox ( Sunni ) in his beliefs, married his only sister Sitr-i-Mu ' alla to Abu Hasan Mamun, a Shi ' a scholar whose son was Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud.

Muhsin ibn Ali ( Arabic: محسن بن علي ), in Shi ' a belief, was the unborn child of Fatima Al Zahra, the daughter of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and wife of Ali ibn Abu Talib.

Shi ' a sources, on the other hand, depict a lengthy, violent persecution in which roving gangs of armed bullies threatened Ali and his supporters with instant death if they did not submit to Abu Bakr.

They initially refused to take the oath to Abu Bakr and were known as the Shi ' at Ali or " partisans for Ali ".

During the fall of 2005, insurgents, suspected to be mostly Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's al-Qaeda in Iraq launched a new round of massive suicide bombings against Shi ' a populations, declaring an all-out war on the Shi ' a majority.

The movement remained active during the Lebanese Civil War, and again joined Syria, the Lebanese Shi ' a Amal Movement and Abu Musa's Fatah al-Intifada in attacks on the PLO during the War of the Camps in 1984-85, and for the remainder of the Civil War ( which lasted until 1990 ).

Abu Fazl Mosque in Kabul during construction in 2008, which is the largest Shi ' a Islam in Afghanistan | Shi ' a mosque in Afghanistan.

* 815: Shi ' a revolt under Abu ' l-Saraya al-Sirri in Iraq.

Also on this day, Sunni insurgent leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi declared " All-out " war against Iraq's Shi ' ites in a statement released on a web forum that regularly carries al Qaeda postings.

They institutionalized the custom of insulting Abu Bakr, Omar, and Osman, thereby deepening the hatred between Shi ' a and Sunnis.

‘ Ibn al-Tiqtaqā ’, or the son of a chatterbox, was an onomatopoeic nickname for the Iraqi historian Jalāl-ad-Dīn Abu Ja ’ far Muhammad ibn Tāji ’ d-Dīn Abi ’ l-Hasan ’ Ali, the spokesman of the Shi ' a community in the Shi ’ ī holy cities — Hillah, Najaf, and Karbala ; in an Iraq that was to remain the stronghold of Shi ' ism, until the forcible conversion of Iran by Shah Ismail I Safavi.

It is recorded by both Sunni and Shi ' ite sources that Fatima remained angry at Abu Bakr and Umar for what they had done until the day she died.