The ideology of Hezbollah has been summarized as Shi ' i radicalism.

A star catalogue is featured in one of the chapters of the late 2nd-century-BC history work Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian ( 145-86 BC ) and contains the " schools " of Shi Shen and Gan De's work ( i. e. the different constellations they allegedly focused on for astrological purposes ).

Indian influences are seen in the practice of Shi ' i Islam in Trinidad.

* Husain ibn ' Ali, Shi ' i religious leader and grandson of the prophet of Islam, enters martyrdom.

# 12th century: The Assassins extend their activities into Syria, where they could get much support from the local Shi ' i minority as the Seljuq sultanate had captured this territory.

On several occasions, the marja ' iyyat has been limited to a single individual, in which case his rulings have been applicable to all those living in the Twelver Shi ' i world.

Supporters of the Bábís paint their struggle as basically defensive in nature ; Shi ' i writers on the other hand point to this period as proof of the subversive nature of Bábísm.

The Báb also stated that he was not only the fulfillment of the Shi ` i expectations for the Qá ' im, but that he also was the beginning of a new prophetic dispensation.

Women with personal names may also have been referred to with the title 氏. Mrs. Li-Wu ( i. e. Li née Wu ) could be addressed Li Wu Shi ( 李武氏 ) without mentioning her personal name.

Currently there are five grand ayatollahs in Najaf, Iraq, center of the Iraqi Shi ' i seminaries or Hawzas ; the most senior is Ali al-Sistani.

Whatever the declaration, most scholars ( those of the Hanafi, Shafi ' i, some of the Hambali and the Imami Shi ' i schools ) hold that it is not binding and irrevocable until actually delivered to the beneficiaries or put in their use.

While Shi ' a and Sunni accept the same sacred text, the Qur ' an, some claim that Shi ' a dispute the current version, i. e. they add two additional surahs known as al-Nurayn and al-Wilaya.

There is generally greater latitude for Shia ulamā, insofar as the principle of independent reasoning ( ijtihād, from the same root as mujtahid ) in matters of religious law remains valid in Shi ' i jurisprudence, whereas it is deemed to have ended in Sunnism as far back as the 10th century ( though it is now reckoned that this perception of the desuetude or " closing of the door " of ijtihad did not always apply ).

The Sufis, divided into many sects and orders, incorporate many mystical doctrines and rituals into Islam, but many also consider themselves Shi ' i or Sunnis.

Hasan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi ' i Muslims living across Iran.

There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi ’ i Muslims, the support of whom Hasan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs.

Under the forty-year rule of the Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad, the doctrine of Imamate was further developed and, consistent with the tradition of Shi ' i Islam, the figure of the Imam was accorded greater importance.

Two main issues dominated his term in office: conscription and Shi ’ i discontent.

Further complicating al-Askari ’ s term was the growing Shi ’ i discontent in Iraq with massive protests occurring across the country in response to a book written by a Sunni official criticizing the Shi ’ i majority as well as the promotion of the commanding officer of an army unit that opened fire on Shiite demonstrators during a rally.

Category: Shi ' a Muslims

In 1885, at the age of eight, he succeeded his father as Imam of the Shi ' a Isma ' ili Muslims.

Category: Iraqi Shi ' a Muslims

As for the foremost one in the matter of Islam and faith, it was Ali ibn Abi Talib '" Other Sunnis and all Shi ' a Muslims maintain that the second person to publicly accept Muhammed as the messenger of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's wife Khadija.

Shi ' a Muslims believe that Ali, the son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, should have replaced Muhammad as Caliph and that Caliphs were to assume authority through appointment by God rather than being chosen by the people.

Sunni and Shi ' a Muslims differ on the legitimacy of the reigns of the Khulfa-e-Rashideen, the first four Caliphs.

Daim al-Islam is a book on the rulings of Islam followed by Ismaili Muslims who adhere to the Shi ' a Ismaili Fatimid fiqh.

For example, Sunni Muslims would favor a Sunni fatwā whereas Shiite would follow a Shi ' a one.

Shi ' a Muslims do not use the six major hadith collections followed by the Sunni.

Environment-current issues: government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers ; a once sizable population of Shi ' a Muslims, who have inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced ; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations ; inadequate supplies of potable water ; development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey ; air and water pollution ; soil degradation ( salination ) and erosion ; and desertification.

The majority of the kingdom's inhabitants were native Christians, especially Greek and Syrian Orthodox, as well as Sunni and Shi ' a Muslims.

Drafted by a treaty and a bill of sale, and constituted between 1820 and 1858, the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu ( as it was first called ) combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practised Buddhism ; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs ; in the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the Kashmiri brahmins or pandits ; to the northeast, sparsely populated Baltistan had a population ethnically related to Ladakh, but which practised Shi ' a Islam ; to the north, also sparsely populated, Gilgit Agency, was an area of diverse, mostly Shi ' a groups ; and, to the west, Punch was Muslim, but of different ethnicity than the Kashmir valley.

The mountainous territory of Mount Lebanon has long been a shelter for minority and persecuted groups, including its historic Maronite Christian majority along with Druze, and local Shi ' a Muslims.

Consequently, the demographics of Lebanon were profoundly altered, as the territory added contained people who were predominantly Muslim or Druze: Lebanese Christians, of which the Maronites were the largest subgrouping, now constituted barely more than 50 % of the population, while Sunni Muslims in Lebanon saw their numbers increase eightfold, Shi ' ite Muslims fourfold.

Syria's population is 71 % Sunni Muslim ( includes most Arabs and Kurds, and 16 % other Muslim groups ( including 11. 0 % Alawi, Shi ' a Muslims ( 1. 1 % Imami / Twelvers and 1. 0 % Ismailis / Seveners ), 3. 2 % Druze, 1. 3 % Nusairism, 0. 7 Alevism ( all Turkomans ), Yezidism 0. 2 %) and 10 % Christian, with a Syrian Jewish community of a few dozen.

Shi ' a Muslims do not use the six major hadith collections followed by the Sunni.

In the aftermath of the fighting, social and ethnic unrest among Shi ' ite Muslims, Kurds, and dissident military units threatened the stability of Saddam's government.

The Asian community, including Hindus, Sikhs, Shi ' a and Sunni Muslims, Parsis and Goans, has declined by 50 % in the past decade to 50, 000 on the mainland and 4, 000 on Zanzibar.

Shi ' a Muslims believe it to be the dawn of 17th of the month of Rabi '- ul-Awwal, corresponding to April 27, 571.

In modern Shi ` ah Islam, scholars play a more prominent role in the daily lives of Muslims than in Sunni Islam ; and there is a hierarchy of higher titles of scholastic authority, such as Ayatollah.

Shi ' a Muslims believe that when the world becomes oppressed, the Imam Mahdi ( also termed the Qa ' im ) will come out of occultation and restore true religion on Earth before the cataclysmic end of the world and judgement day.

Muslims claim that it is the tomb of a Shi ' ite Muslim, Sheikh Abbad, considered a founder of the Shi ' ite movement in Lebanon who lived around 500 years ago.