** Sigmoid colon ( polyp, sigmoid volvulus, obstruction or gas accumulation )

Sigmoid volvulus is particularly common in elderly persons and constipated patients.

Sigmoid means resembling the lower-case Greek letter sigma ( ς ) or the Latin letter S. Specific uses include:

Image: Gray538. png | Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses.

Onchocerciasis ( or ), also known as river blindness and Robles disease, is a parasitic disease caused by infection by Onchocerca volvulus, a nematode ( roundworm ).

In 1915, Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde's study on patients with river blindness in Guatemala led to the discovery that the disease is caused by filaria of O. volvulus, and sheds light on the life cycle and transmission of the parasite ..

The drug patch is placed on the skin, and if the patient is infected with the microfilaria of O. volvulus, localized pruritus and urticaria are seen at the application site.

Ivermectin is directly effective against the larval stage microfilariae of O. volvulus ; they are paralyzed and can be killed by eosinophils and macrophages.

This traditional surgical canon is no longer followed, largely because of improvements in radiologic imaging of small bowel obstruction, which allow confident distinction between simple obstructions, that can be treated conservatively, and obstructions associated with surgical emergencies ( volvulus, closed-loop obstructions, ischemic bowel, incarcerated hernias, etc.

* Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by Loa loa ( the eye worm ), Mansonella streptocerca, and Onchocerca volvulus.

Gastric dilatation volvulus or bloat is a medical condition in which the stomach becomes overstretched by excessive gas content.

In dogs, gas accumulation in the stomach is usually associated with volvulus of the stomach, which prevents gas from escaping.

If the volvulus is greater than 180 °, the esophagus is closed off, thereby preventing the animal from relieving the condition by belching or vomiting.

While dogs that have had gastropexies still may develop gas distension of the stomach, there is a significant reduction in recurrence of gastric volvulus.

The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding such as melaena-like black offensive stools, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus and intussusception.

It is caused by Onchocerca volvulus, a parasitic worm.

A volvulus is a bowel obstruction with a loop of bowel whose nose has abnormally twisted on itself.

For example, in patients with a cecal volvulus, the predominant symptoms may be those of a small bowel obstruction ( nausea, vomiting and lack of stool or flatus ), because the obstructing point is close to the ileocecal valve and small intestine.

Cecal volvulus is slightly less common than sigmoid volvulus and is associated with symptoms of abdominal pain and small bowel obstruction.

Should the diagnosis be in doubt, a barium enema may be used to demonstrate a " bird's beak " at the point where the segment of proximal bowel and distal bowel rotate to form the volvulus.

The stomach twists around the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract, also known as volvulus.

Other potential causes of signs and symptoms that mimic those seen in gastroenteritis that need to be ruled out include appendicitis, volvulus, inflammatory bowel disease, urinary tract infections, and diabetes mellitus.

In early November 1993, Reveille V underwent emergency surgery for gastric volvulus, which causes an animal's stomach to twist out of place.

Abdominal plain x-rays are commonly confirmatory for a volvulus, especially if a " bent inner tube " sign or a " coffee bean " sign are seen.

Perform sigmoidoscopy for suspected sigmoid volvulus.

Laparotomy for other forms of volvulus, especially cecal volvulus.

Humans are the only definitive host for O. volvulus.

Acanthocheilonema viteae shares considerable antigenic homology with the human filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus ; this allows for rapid analysis of larval development which is essential to efforts in vaccine development ( Eisenbeiss et al., 1991 ).

Midgut volvulus occurs in patients ( usually in infants ) that are predisposed because of congenital intestinal malrotation.

Segmental volvulus occurs in patients of any age, usually with a predisposition because of abnormal intestinal contents ( e. g. meconium ileus ) or adhesions.

* the small intestine has an unusually narrow base, and therefore the midgut is prone to volvulus ( a twisting that can obstruct the mesenteric blood vessels and cause intestinal ischemia ).

In 2009, Avolio Luigi and Martucciello Giuseppe showed that although ingested nonmagnetic foreign bodies are likely to be passed spontaneously without consequence, ingested magnets ( magnetic toys ) may attract each other through the children intestinal wall and cause severe damage, such as pressure necrosis, perforation, intestinal fistulas, volvulus, and obstruction.

However, these regions typically have high rates of co-infection with both L. loa and O. volvulus, and mass treatment with Ivermectin can have severe adverse effects ( SAE ).

This has been observed with the bacteria Wolbachia that live with O. volvulus.

This drug has been shown to be effective in killing both the adult worm of O. volvulus and Wolbachia, the bacteria believed to play a major role in the onset of onchocerciasis, while having no effect on the microfilaria of L. loa.

Otto died unexpectedly on 11 October 1916, due to a volvulus.

For best effect, entire communities are treated at the same time: since final hosts of Onchocerca volvulus are restricted to primates, it has no major animal reservoir.

Wolbachia species have been found to be endosymbionts of O. volvulus adults and microfilariae, and are thought to be the driving force behind most of O. volvulus morbidity.

L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis while O. volvulus causes river blindness.

Gecko is the third most-common layout engine on the World Wide Web, after Trident ( used by Internet Explorer for Windows since version 4 ) and WebKit ( used by Safari and Google Chrome ), and followed by Presto ( used by Opera ).

Although use of Ä ä ( also used in Tatar, Turkmen, and Gagauz ) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly Turkish encoding, it was reintroduced ; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azeri's most-common vowel, in both post-Arabic alphabets ( Latin and Cyrillic ) of Azerbaijan.

The PGCE is one-year course for existing undergraduate degree holders and the most-common way to train to become a teacher.

The H20 is the most-common member of the family.