Similarly, two random variables are independent if the conditional probability distribution of either given the observed value of the other is the same as if the other's value had not been observed.

Similarly, several surveys of American college students found that individuals were more likely to incur the cost of assisting kin when a high probability that relatedness and benefit would be greater than cost existed.

Similarly, for i < j, the joint probability density function of the two order statistics U < sub > i </ sub > < U < sub > j </ sub > can be shown to be

Similarly, showing that the probability is ( strictly ) less than 1 can be used to prove the existence of an object that does not satisfy the prescribed properties.

Similarly, when getting a sample of ravens the probability is very high that the sample is one of the matching or ' representative ' ones.

Similarly, the posterior probability distribution is the distribution of an unknown quantity, treated as a random variable, conditional on the evidence obtained from an experiment or survey.

Similarly for continuous random variables, the conditional probability density function of Y given ( the occurrence of ) the value x of X, can be written as

Similarly for continuous random variables, the marginal probability density function can be written as p < sub > X </ sub >( x ).

Similarly, the expected value of A is defined in terms of the probability distribution D < sub > A </ sub > by

Similarly, a model that predicts a probability of making a yes / no choice ( a Bernoulli variable ) is even less suitable as a linear-response model, since probabilities are bounded on both ends ( they must be between 0 and 1 ).

* Similarly, a convex combination of probability distributions is a weighted sum ( where satisfy the same constraints as above ) of its component probability distributions, with probability density function:

Similarly for continuous random variables, the joint probability density function can be written as f < sub > X, Y </ sub >( x, y ) and this is

Similarly, lower energy ( green ) light is absorbed in the bulk of a solar cell, and a low diffusion length will affect the collection probability from the solar cell bulk, reducing the QE in the green portion of the spectrum.

Similarly, the probability that is at most.

Similarly, when molecules adsorb on surfaces dissociatively, the sticking probability is

Similarly, Robert Nozick argues for a theory that is mostly consequentialist, but incorporates inviolable " side-constraints " which restrict the sort of actions agents are permitted to do.

Similarly, a consequentialist theory may aim at the maximization of a particular virtue or set of virtues.

Similarly, Herman's theory of doublespeak having an inherent nature to be manipulative and Chomsky's theory of ' dichotomization ' relates directly to the practice of doublespeak and how doublespeak is deliberately deceptive in nature.

Similarly, demand-and-supply theory predicts a new price-quantity combination from a shift in demand ( as to the figure ), or in supply.

Similarly, in Thermal quantum field theory a compactification of the euclidean time dimension leads to the Matsubara frequencies and thus to a discretized thermal energy spectrum.

Similarly, a mathematician does not restrict his study of numbers to the integers ; rather he considers more abstract structures such as rings, and in particular number rings in the context of algebraic number theory.

Despite the nomenclature, the " field " under study is the gravitational potential, φ, rather than the gravitational field, g. Similarly, when classical field theory is used to study electromagnetism, the " field " of interest is the electromagnetic four-potential ( V / c, A ), rather than the electric and magnetic fields E and B.

Similarly, Belgium took no direct influence from the Statute or English copyright theory, but Joris Deene of the University of Ghent identifies an indirect influence " at two levels "; the criteria for what constitutes copyrightable material, which comes from the work of English theorists such as Locke and Edward Young, and the underlying justification of copyright law.

Similarly, in the de Broglie – Bohm theory, there are anomalous initial conditions which would produce measurement statistics in violation of the Born rule ( i. e., in conflict with the predictions of standard quantum theory ).

Similarly, deep structure was devised largely for technical reasons relating to early semantic theory.

Similarly, an experiment that provides a counterexample can disprove a theory or hypothesis.

Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory.

4 ) Similarly, the Moore – Smith theory of convergence via nets, as supplemented by Kelley's notion of a universal net, leads to the criterion that a space is compact if and only if each universal net on the space converges.

Similarly, in social theory, a single direct action producing a social change is a first-order control system.

Similarly, many who avail themselves of magic do so without feeling the need to understand a causal theory behind it.

His need to provide a liberal justification for criminal law practice thus lead him to moral philosophy, and to the development of an original " consensual " theory of punishment which combined the merits of the retributive and utilitarian ( see deterrence ) varieties while avoiding their respective difficulties Similarly, the problems presented by the characterization of criminal conduct stimulated his work in the field of philosophy of action.

Similarly, object relations theory would point to the way ' in perversion there is the refusal, the terror of strangeness '; to the way ' the " pervert "... attacks imaginative elaboration through compulsive action with an accomplice ; and this is done to mask psychic pain '.

Similarly, Fermat's last theorem is stated in term of elementary arithmetic, which is a part of commutative algebra, but its proof involves deep results of both algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry.

Similarly, a theory consists of some indeterminate conjunction of hypotheses,

Similarly, in graph theory, this is sometimes referred to as " almost surely ".

" Similarly, Maria Todorova notes that, although it minimized the Ottoman contribution and displayed " emotional or evaluative overtones ", such a perspective ran against the divisive interpretations of the Balkans, offering a working paradigm for a global history of the region: " Although Iorga's theory may be today 2009 no more than an exotic episode in the development of Balkan historiography, his formulation Byzance après Byzance is alive not only because it was a fortunate phrase but because it reflects more than its creator would intimate.

Similarly, every cobordism theory has an extraordinary cohomology theory, with homology (" bordism ") groups and cohomology (" cobordism ") groups for any space.

Similarly Psalms 146: 2-4 ( NKJV ) states:

Similarly, the international community has largely refused to recognize secessionist regions, while keeping some states such as Cyprus and Taiwan in diplomatic recognition limbo.

Similarly, critics of externalist foundationalism argue that only mental states or properties the believer is aware of could make a belief justified.

A fitter scene for his romance he probably could not have chosen .” Similarly, De Vore states, “ The setting is greatly influential in Gothic novels.

Similarly, the Talmud ( Berakhoth 61. a ) states that one of the two kidneys counsels what is good, and the other evil.

Similarly, whether a machine has more than 5 states is a decidable property of the machine, as the number of states can simply be counted.

Similarly, in the Bhagavad Gītā ( 4: 11 ), God, manifesting as an incarnation, states that " As people approach me, so I receive them.

Similarly, in 1976, Gerald Ford had severely criticized Reagan's proposal to turn back a large part of the Federal budget to the states.

Similarly, differences in the distribution of brain cells and dendritic connections ( among many other potential variances ) could give rise to different mental states for the same stimulus.

Similarly, the nationwide state 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limit,. 08 legal blood alcohol limit, and the nationwide state 21-year drinking age were imposed through this method ; the states would lose highway funding if they refused to pass such laws ( though the national speed limit has since been repealed ).

Similarly, the books espouse the use of mind-altering substances to achieve higher states of consciousness, in line with the beliefs of key counterculture figures like Timothy Leary, who is mentioned throughout the three novels.

Similarly, Epirote tribes / states are included in the Argive and Epidaurian lists of the Greek Thearodokoi ( hosts of sacred envoys ).

Similarly, the liturgy of the Days of Awe ( the High Holy Days ; i. e. Rosh HaShanah and Yom Kippur ) states that prayer, repentance and tzedakah atone for sin.

Similarly, the Lombard code of 643 states:

Similarly, governmental policies in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Tunisia, oil production Arab states of the Persian Gulf and Libya, as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders.

Similarly, all states that recognise the PRC either recognise the PRC as the legitimate representative of Taiwan or acknowledge the PRC's views on the matter — the latter is the position adopted by the United States, which prefers to leave that question ambiguous.

) Similarly, at the February 25, 2004 press conference, McClellan stated that the White House intended to work with Congress to develop language for the FMA that permitted states to enact civil unions.

Similarly, Congress has the power itself under the Commerce Clause to regulate and sanction states acting as " market participants ," but it lacks power to legislate in ways that violate Article IV.

Similarly, the law of large numbers states that in the long term, the average will tend towards the expected value, but makes no statement about individual trials.

Similarly, many formerly Communist states, such as Ukraine, Moldova and Serbia, have retained their unicameral legislatures, though others, such as Russia and Poland, adopted bicameral legislatures after the fall of Communism.

Similarly, Thoreau states those who believe Brown threw his life away and died as a fool, are fools.

Similarly, William R. Leonard, a professor of anthropology at Northwestern University, states that the health problems facing industrial societies stem not from deviations from a specific ancestral diet but from an imbalance between calories consumed and calories burned, a state of energy excess uncharacteristic of ancestral lifestyles.

Similarly, author Kathleen Tracy states that " Passion " is, among the first two seasons ' episodes, the most " viscerally disturbing " not only for Jenny's death and its brutality, but because the series killed off a regularly recurring and sympathetic character, something which was unprecedented in television history.