Since the Phage Φ-X174 was sequenced in 1977, the DNA sequences of thousands of organisms have been decoded and stored in databases.

Since EtBr stained DNA is not visible in natural light, scientists mix DNA with negatively charged loading buffers before adding the mixture to the gel.

Since phosphorus is contained in DNA but not amino acids, radioactive phosphorus-32 was used to label the DNA contained in the T2 phage.

Since 1993, the circumscriptions of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences.

Since the chain termination method of DNA sequencing can only be used for fairly short strands ( 100 to 1000 basepairs ), longer sequences must be subdivided into smaller fragments, and subsequently re-assembled to give the overall sequence.

Since DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) can be modified only before birth, a mutation must have taken place at conception or within an egg such that an animal similar to a chicken, but not a chicken, laid the first chicken eggs.

Since that time, development of DNA has evolved through the following phases:

Since thymine nucleotides are precursors of DNA, not RNA, the prefix " deoxy " is often left out, i. e., deoxythymidine is often just called thymidine.

Since the mtDNA is inherited maternally and recombination is either rare or absent, it is relatively easy to track the ancestry of the lineages back to a MRCA ; however this MRCA is valid only when discussing mitochondrial DNA.

Since 1998 and the DNA study, many historians have accepted that the widower Jefferson had an intimate relationship with Hemings, and fathered six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood.

Since the backbone of PNA contains no charged phosphate groups, the binding between PNA / DNA strands is stronger than between DNA / DNA strands due to the lack of electrostatic repulsion.

Since the mid 20th century chemical fluorescent stains, such as DAPI which binds to DNA, have been used to label specific structures within the cell.

Since shorter strands of DNA move through the gel matrix faster they are detected sooner and there is then a direct correlation between length of DNA strand and time at the detector.

Since the distribution of the defective mitochondrial DNA may vary from organ to organ within the body, and each mutation is modulated by other genome variants, the mutation that in one individual may cause liver disease might in another person cause a brain disorder.

: Since 98. 7 % of the DNA in humans and chimps is identical, some scientists ( but not Noam Chomsky ) believed that a chimp raised in a human family, and using ASL ( American Sign Language ), would shed light on the way language is acquired and used by humans.

Since more DNA is unfolded and being expressed, the nucleus will be darker and less uniform, larger than in normal cells, and often show a bright-red nucleolus.

Since the structure of a glycan may depend on the expression, activity and accessibility of the different biosynthetic enzymes, it is not possible to use recombinant DNA technology in order to produce large quantities of glycans for structural and functional studies as it is for proteins.

Since 2005, the Melungeon DNA Project has conducted DNA testing of identified Melungeon lines.

Since the costs of the school surpassed the family's means, the boy was supported by public resources and spent his school years in a dwelling for poor students ; he was given special attention and instruction by the rector of the Gymnasium, Georg Nikolaus Köhler, who sparked his interest in languages, loaned him Greek texts, and devised special exercises in which the boy had to reconstruct intelligible texts from fragments.

Since his death all these and a few additional lyrics and fragments have been published in one volume by Messrs Macmillan under the title of The Collected Poems of T. E. Brown ( 1900 ).

Since presently-available DNA sequencing technologies are ill-suited for reading long sequences, large pieces of DNA ( such as genomes ) are often sequenced by ( 1 ) cutting the DNA into small pieces, ( 2 ) reading the small fragments, and ( 3 ) reconstituting the original DNA by merging the information on various fragment.

Since then it has been broken into a number of fragments and is now cemented into a silver frame in the side of the Kaaba.

Since almost thirty European countries lay claim to fragments of the holy nails, Blom ( 2002 ) holds that " Constantine also understood the value of these objects in diplomacy "; Several were sent off to various dignitaries, one of whom was Princess Theodelinda.

Since then it has been broken into a number of fragments and is now cemented into a silver frame in the side of the Kaaba.

Since different fragments of a cell have different sizes and densities, each fragment will settle into a pellet with different minimum centrifugal forces.

Since 1946, the original documents, notebooks, photographies, fragments of wall paintings and pottery from the early excavations are preserved in the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC.

Since the Achilleis survives in fragments, its text is comparatively more fluid than that of ancient texts with medieval manuscript traditions.

Since Knudtzon's edition, some 24 more tablets, or fragments of tablets, have been found, either in Egypt, or identified in the collections of various museums.

Since then, many further fragments have been found, including one weighing 78 kg in 1956.

Since only a few mass fragments of interest are being monitored, matrix interferences are typically lower.

Since the probability of actually striking the aircraft was small, artillery shells were designed to explode at the approximate altitude of the aircraft to throw a shower of fragments in the vicinity of the explosion.

Since driver and tester sequences are nearly identical, the excess of driver DNA fragments will anneal to homologous DNA fragments from the tester species.

Since the homosexuals widely use marijuana, they do not have to be initiated.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

Since Rhode Island at that time did not have such sanction, his opinion was not popular.

Since the great flood of these dystopias has appeared only in the last twelve years, it seems fairly reasonable to assume that the chief impetus was the 1949 publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, an assumption which is supported by the frequent echoes of such details as Room 101, along with education by conditioning from Brave New World, a book to which science-fiction writers may well have returned with new interest after reading the more powerful Orwell dystopia.

Since 1957, more and more trans-Atlantic passengers have been crossing by air.

Since two of these could be trustees of the college, actually it would be necessary to have the consent of only one elected official to impose a levy of millions of dollars of tax revenue.

Since appeals to morality, to humanity, and to sanity have had such small effect, perhaps our last recourse is the deterrent example.

`` Since the war I have seen the way the Germans have behaved and I think, Holy Mother, we have behaved like this for hundreds of years.

Since that time the demands of the citizens for new and expanded services have placed financial burdens on the state which could not have been foreseen in earlier years.

Since faculty see themselves as self-employed professionals rather than as employees, enthusiasm in a common enterprise is proportionate to the sense of ownership they have in it by virtue of sharing in the decisions that govern its course.

Since the concept of high fidelity became important some dozen years ago, the claims of technical improvements have multiplied tenfold.

Since SAAMI's conception in 1926, and more specifically since the adoption of the Shooting Development Program in 1954, millions of dollars and promotional man-hours have gone into the development of more places to shoot for more youths and adults.

Says NRLDA's James Wright: `` Since 1958 carriers that move material from the yard to the job site have undergone more radical changes than any of the dealer's other equipment ''.

Since practical washing procedures are both lengthy and expensive, a number of laboratory tests have been developed for the numerical evaluation of detergents.

Since there is a continual loss of micrometeoritic material in space because of the radiation effects, there must be a continual replenishment: otherwise, micrometeorites would have disappeared from interplanetary space.

Since Af and P divides Af for Af, we have Af.

A final class of exceptional lines is identifiable from the following considerations: Since no two generators of Af can intersect, it follows that their image curves can have no free intersections.

Since they are all either rented or borrowed, the requested dates for their use have to be far in advance.

Since the writer had not noticed this characteristic in married students scattered throughout the various sections previous to this experiment, nor, as a matter of fact, in those who were continuing in `` single sections '', he can only conclude that there must have been something `` contagious '' within the specific group which caused this to occur.

Since the details of the elections were settled the change of government had no direct effect on the technical aspects of the elections, and may have been more important as an indication of royal displeasure with the U.N.F.P.

Since 1917 some thirteen supplementary and related acts have extended this Federal program.

Since this type of item was not in the statute when section 381 was enacted in 1954, one cannot say with certainty what effect the enactment of that section should have.