Since a -/- mutation in the APAF-1 gene is embryonic lethal, a gene trap strategy was used in order to generate an APAF-1 -/- mouse.

Since the gene is recessive, all offspring will be heterozygous, and the offspring from that mating will not be resistant to Bt and therefore no longer a threat.

Since then, over 1, 700 clinical trials have been conducted using a number of techniques for gene therapy.

Since then, many researches have been conducted to modulate steps in gene expression process.

Since the RNA is first separated by size, if only one probe type is used variance in the level of each band on the membrane can provide insight into the size of the product, suggesting alternative splice products of the same gene or repetitive sequence motifs.

Since specific gene therapies cannot readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy, there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy.

Since it was not understood that these different presentations were all caused by the same set of mutations in the androgen receptor gene, a unique name was given to each new combination of symptoms, resulting in a complicated stratification of seemingly disparate disorders.

Since its discovery, the importance of the SRY gene in sex determination has been extensively documented:

Since each cell, regardless of cell type, possesses the same genome, determination of cell type must occur at the level of gene expression.

Since a molecular genetic test for the ridge gene does not exist, heterozygotes are detected by mating the animal in question to either known heterozygotes or known homozygous recessives ( other methods exist such as mating to offspring, but result in inbred offspring ) and a heterozygote is detected when a ridgeless pup is born.

Since 2009, most researchers use a different nomenclature based on the gene defect ( e. g. CDG-Ia

Since 98-99 % of individuals with Williams syndrome lack half of the 7q11. 23 region of chromosome # 7, where the elastin gene is located, the presence of only one copy of the gene is a strong sign of the disorder.

Since the development of methods of high-throughput production of gene and protein sequences, the rate of addition of new sequences to the databases increased exponentially.

Since they were put into mass production, Henrietta's cells have been mailed to scientists around the globe for " research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits ".

Since that time, HeLa cells have been used for " research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and many other scientific pursuits ".

Since then, more than 100 mutations have been found in this gene, accounting for 15 % of all types of retinal degeneration.

Since some processes, such as gene transcription, involve many reactions and could not be correctly modeled as an instantaneous reaction in a single step, it was proposed to model these reactions as single step multiple delayed reactions in order to account for the time it takes for the entire process to be complete.

Since ESTs represent gene transcripts, they will not contain these repeats.

Since the lacI gene encoding repressor is about 50 times larger than the operator, repressor mutants predominate in the selection.

* Since females have two X chromosomes, they have two alleles of this gene.

Since in principle any gene can be knocked down by a synthetic siRNA with a complementary sequence, siRNAs are an important tool for validating gene function and drug targeting in the post-genomic era.

Since iodine is picked more readily ( though not exclusively ) by thyroid cells, and ( more important ) is picked up even more readily by over-active thyroid cells, the destruction is local, and there are no widespread side-effects with this therapy.

Since no therapy is known, vaccination programs are of great importance in affected areas, along with measures to prevent bites and reduce the population of the transmitting mosquito.

Since the course of radiation therapy can extend over several weeks, the radiation therapist is responsible for monitoring the condition of the patient and is required to assess if changes to the treatment plan are required.

Since then, much effort has made to promote the sport to rid it of its ' therapy ' image that still affects many sports for people with disabilities.

Since 2006, the use of aversion therapy to treat homosexuality has been in violation of the codes of conduct and professional guidelines of the APA and American Psychiatric Association.

Since then, policies have usually discouraged the use of forced aversion therapy on children under 14.

Since 1990 the literature focused upon Gestalt therapy has flourished, including the development of several professional Gestalt journals.

Since " mental illness " and " mental health " are not recognized as objective, definable realities, the postmodern psychologist instead sees the goal of therapy strictly as something constructed by the client and therapist.

Since 1990, hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been used in the treatments of stroke on a worldwide basis.

Since ADHD drugs like amphetamine and methylphenidate tend to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, missed doses of clonidine while under ADHD stimulant therapy might entail increased risks of a more severe rebound hypertension.

Since the 1970s, iron chelation therapy has been used as an alternative to regular phlebotomy to treat excess iron stores in people with haemochromatosis.

Since the major cause of acute renal failure in this setting is uric acid build-up, therapy consists of rasburicase to wash out excessive uric acid crystals as well as a loop diuretic and fluids.

Since opioids used in pain therapy rarely cause any of these conditions, they are assumed to have existed prior to the development of dependence.

Since music is mostly resilient students who have had injuries that have mentally impaired them can use the Approach as a form of therapy.

Since its inception, the CGC program has become the model for similar programs around the world, is the backbone of other exams, such as those given for therapy dogs, and is a good starting point for more advanced dog training.

Since then, cord blood has become increasingly recognized as a source of stem cells that can be used in stem cell therapy.

Since 1992, the Nanyang Polytechnic School of Health Sciences ( NYP SHS ) is an establishment which develops skills for careers in Nursing, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Diagnostic radiography and Radiation therapy in Singapore.

Since the 1930s, the treatment has been modified to include out-patient and group treatments ; this modified version is known as neo-Morita therapy.

Since fulfilling essential needs is part of a person's present life, reality therapy does not concern itself with a client's past.

Since the center ’ s inception, faculty members have played a key role in the development of both Marquis, the first FDA-approved treatment for equine protozoal myelitis, and GastroGard, a treatment for gastric ulcers, as well as advances in laser surgery joint disease, and treatments for lameness, colic, tumors, tendon and ligament injury, and antibiotic therapy.

Since statins were shown to increase serum plant sterol concentrations, patients should probably not be treated with statins alone but with a combination therapy focusing simultaneously on improving the serum lipoprotein profile and lowering serum plant sterol concentrations.

Since prolonged immobilization can be more of a health risk than the surgery itself, post-op patients are encouraged to become mobile as soon as possible, often with the assistance of rehabilitation professionals such as occupational therapy and physical therapy ( physiotherapy ).