Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to a sovereign, it can be considered that Osmanli became independent of the Mongol Khans.

Since in practice it is not worth contrasting a zero probability with one that is nearly indistinguishable from zero, he prefers to categorize himself as a " de facto atheist ".

Since the development of cannon, the word " artillery " in practice has largely meant cannon ; in contemporary usage it usually refers to shell-firing guns, howitzers, mortars, and rockets.

Since the radical movement of the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese government has become much more tolerant with the practice of traditional beliefs.

The Oral Torah is the primary guide for Jews to abide by these terms, as expressed in tractate Gittin 60b, " the Holy One, Blessed be He, did not make His covenant with Israel except by virtue of the Oral Law " to help them learn how to live a holy life, and to bring holiness, peace and love into the world and into every part of life, so that life may be elevated to a high level of kedushah, originally through study and practice of the Torah, and since the destruction of the Second Temple, through prayer as expressed in tractate Sotah 49a " Since the destruction of the Temple, every day is more cursed than the preceding one ; and the existence of the world is assured only by the kedusha ... and the words spoken after the study of Torah.

Since 1979, there have been concerted efforts by international bodies to end the practice, including sponsorship by the United Nations of an International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation, held each 6 February since 2003.

Since the Enlightenment large synagogues have often adopted the practice of hiring rabbis and hazzans to act as shatz and baal kriyah, and this is still typically the case in many Conservative and Reform congregations.

Since definitions of left and right based on the geometry of the natural environment are unwieldy, in practice, the meaning of relative direction words is conveyed through tradition, acculturation, education, and direct reference.

Since the introduction of nalidixic acid in 1962, more than 10, 000 analogs have been synthesized, but only a handful have found their way into clinical practice.

Since most communications in Sweden pass through its borders at one point or another, this monitoring in practice affects most traffic within Sweden as well.

Since most sights are of the sun or moon, and haze is rare without overcast, the low-light advantages of the half-horizon mirror are rarely important in practice.

Since modern computer equipment cannot easily generate 1. 42 bits for the stop period, common practice is to either approximate this with 1. 5 bits, or to send 2. 0 bits while accepting 1. 0 bits receiving.

Since death does not follow immediately on crucifixion, survival after a short period of crucifixion is possible, as in the case of those who choose each year as a devotional practice to be non-lethally crucified.

Since the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission does not allow convicted felons to audit public companies, the firm agreed to surrender its CPA licenses and its right to practice before the SEC on August 31, 2002-effectively putting the firm out of business.

Since breaking a coupling path is equally effective at either the start or the end of the path, many aspects of good EMC design practice apply equally to potential emitters and to potential victims.

Since mango leaves are nutritionally inadequate for cattle, the practice of harvesting Indian Yellow was eventually declared to be inhumane.

Since the law did not distinguish, for marital purposes, between ruler and subjects, historically marriages between royalty and the noble heiresses to great fiefs became the norm, helping to aggrandize the House of Capet while gradually diminishing the number of large domains held in theoretical vassalage by nobles who were, in practice, virtually independent of the French crown.

Since the early 1990s, Safdie, a citizen of Canada, Israel, and the United States, has focused on his architectural practice, Safdie Architects, which is based in Boston and has branches in Toronto, Jerusalem, and Singapore.

Since many a country with a transitional political and economic system continues treating its constitution as an abstract legal document disengaged from the economic policy of the state, practice of judicial review of economic acts of executive and legislative branches began to grow.

Since the mid-1990s, the standard practice used of the PRC press has been to refer to ROC government as the " Taiwan authority " () and the ROC President as the " leader of the Taiwan Area " (), where both terms are not used in conjunction with quotation marks.

Since Roman times, Paris has buried its dead on the outskirts of the city, but habits changed with the rise of Christianity and its practice of burying its faithful in the consecrated ground under and around its churches, no matter their location.

Since then, other nations have followed the practice and installed their own tombs.

Since a scene may become too intense for a submissive partner to remember what the safeword is, in practice commonly the words safeword or red are also used as safewords.

Since 2000, city status has been awarded to towns by competition on special occasions ( see Current practice of granting city status below ).

Since 1970 researchers at the Communications Research Centre ( CRC ) in Ottawa had been working on a set of " picture description instructions ", which encoded graphics commands as a text stream.

Since the information is encoded in the time of arrival ( either differentially, or relative to a common clock ), the presence

The number of ncRNAs encoded within the human genome is unknown, however recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest the existence of thousands of ncRNAs .< sup >, but see </ sup > Since many of the newly identified ncRNAs have not been validated for their function, it is possible that many are non-functional.

Since Xvid uses MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile ( ASP ) compression, any video that is encoded with it is termed " MPEG-4 ASP video " – not " Xvid video " – and can therefore be decoded with all MPEG-4 ASP compliant decoders.

Since intrusion detection can detect signatures of simple shellcodes being sent over the network, it is often encoded, made self-decrypting or polymorphic to avoid detection.

Since poor encoding may be responsible for source amnesia, it is not likely that a person will be able to retrieve a specific source memory in the future if it was not properly encoded.

Since encoded words force use of either quoted-printable or base64, UTF-7 was designed to avoid using the = sign as an escape character to avoid double escaping when it is combined with quoted-printable ( or its variant, the RFC 2047 / 1522? Q ?- encoding of headers ).

Since it is a widescreen film, when encoded on a widescreen-format DVD the studio would almost certainly use the anamorphic encoding process.

Since the evidence against Cyrez has fallen into the hands of the enemy, John, Lee and Johnny Casteleone ( Robert Pastorelli ), a mob witness whose life John once saved, penetrate the main office to read Lee's copy, since the data on the disc is encoded for Cyrez computers only.

Since vocal distinctive features ( sound contrasts ) are ideal for this purpose, it was only at this point — when intrinsically persuasive body-language was no longer required to convey each message — that the decisive shift from manual gesture to our current primary reliance on digitally encoded spoken language occurred.

Since most alphabets do reside in blocks of contiguous Unicode codepoints, texts that use small alphabets and either ASCII punctuation or punctuation that fits within the window for the main alphabet can be encoded at one byte per character ( plus setup overhead, which for common languages is often only 1 byte ), most other punctuation can be encoded at 2 bytes per symbol through non-locking shifts.

Since the video stream is already encoded for IP, the video can be used for traditional TV broadcast or Internet distribution without modification ( live to air ).

Since most of executed instructions were encoded in a single byte, the object code for Kronos was very compact.

Since even well-engineered IP networks tend to have a small residual packet loss rate caused by low-probability statistical congestion events and amplification of bit errors in the underlying hardware, most professional solutions use some kind of forward error correction to ensure that the encoded video stream can be reconstructed even if a few packets are lost.

Since September 2009, ETSI and EBU, the maintainers of the DVB suite, added support for 1080p50 signal coded with MPEG-4 AVC High Profile Level 4. 2 with Scalable Video Coding extensions or VC-1 Advanced Profile compression ; DVB also supports 1080p encoded at ATSC frame rates of 23. 976, 24, 29. 97, 30, 59. 94 and 60.

Since these amounts are typically encoded in legislation, there was a certain delay before the new amounts were formally valid.

Since the information is encoded differently in analogue and digital electronics, the way they process a signal is consequently different.

Since the container does not describe how data or metadata is encoded, a program able to identify and open a container file might not be able to decode the contained data.

Since images contain thousands of pixels, each with multiple channels, channels are usually encoded in as few bits as possible.

Since characters outside the basic multilingual plane ( BMP ) are typically rare, a document encoded in UTF-32 will often be nearly twice as large as its UTF-16 / UCS-2 – encoded equivalent because UTF-16 uses two bytes for the characters inside the BMP, or four bytes otherwise.

Since there can be a great number of leaves in a map, it is stored as a binary array, each bit defining whether any specific leaf is potentially visible or not ( 1 or 0, respectively ), further RLE encoded.