The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom ; thus, A = Z + N. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass ( and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes ), and the mass defect is usually very small compared to the mass, the atomic mass of an atom is roughly equal to A.

Since quarks make up the baryons and the mesons, and the strong interaction takes place between baryons and mesons, one could say that the color force is the source of the strong interaction, or that the strong interaction is like a residual color force that extends beyond the baryons, for example when protons and neutrons are bound together in a nucleus.

Since it can absorb nuclear fission-bred neutrons, it is also used in nuclear control rods.

Since natural promethium is exceedingly scarce, the element is typically synthesized by bombarding uranium-235 ( enriched uranium ) with thermal neutrons ( for promethium-147 ).

Since the demonstrations of wave-like properties in photons and electrons, similar experiments have been conducted with neutrons and protons.

* Since the compressed pit does not need to be held together as long, the massive U-238 tamper can be replaced by a light-weight beryllium shell ( to reflect escaping neutrons back into the pit ).

Since both lithium and boron have large neutron cross-sections, glass detectors are particularly well suited to the detection of thermal ( slow ) neutrons.

Since the nuclei that can readily undergo fission are particularly neutron-rich ( e. g. 61 % of the nucleons in uranium-235 are neutrons ), the initial fission products are almost always more neutron-rich than stable nuclei of the same mass as the fission product ( e. g. stable ruthenium-100 is 56 % neutrons ; stable xenon-134 is 60 %).

* Since liquid metals have low moderating power and ratio and no other moderator is present, the primary interaction of neutrons with liquid metal coolants is the ( n, gamma ) reaction, which induces radioactivity in the coolant.

Since neutrons are electrically neutral, they penetrate matter more deeply than electrically charged particles of comparable kinetic energy ; therefore they are valuable probes of bulk properties.

Since there is little difference in the neutrons scattered by hydrocarbons or water, the porosity measured gives a figure close to the true physical porosity whereas the figure obtained from electrical resistivity measurements is that due to the conductive formation fluid.

Since implosion weapons can be designed that will achieve yields in this range even if neutrons are present at the moment of criticality, fusion boosting allows the manufacture of efficient weapons that are immune to predetonation.

Since neutrons have no electric charge they can enter a nucleus more easily than positively charged protons, which are repelled electrostatically.

Since the protons are changed to neutrons, the number of neutrons increases by 2, the number of protons Z decreases by 2, and the atomic mass number A remains unchanged.

Since neutrons interact with the nuclear potential, the scattering cross-section varies for different isotopes of the element in question.

Since these require a total of 3 or 4 thermal neutrons to eventually fission, and a thermal neutron fission generates only about 2 to 3 neutrons, these nuclides represent a net loss of neutrons.

Its neutron absorption cross section for thermal neutrons is high at 15200 barns, about 38 % of < sup > 149 </ sup > Sm's absorption cross section, or about 20 times that of < sup > 235 </ sup > U. Since the ratios between the production and absorption rates of < sup > 151 </ sup > Sm and < sup > 149 </ sup > Sm are almost equal, the two isotopes should reach similar equilibrium concentrations.

Since neutrons receive the majority of the energy from the fusion, they will be the reactor's main source of thermal energy output.

Since the hazards of poor communication are so great, p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes, a mine, or a sugar maple camp.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

Since we can neither undo nor redo the past, we are limited to the events of today and tomorrow.

Since the recognition of Israel as a nation state, claims are made in many cases which identify the claimant as a member of the new body politic.

Since accurate base maps are necessary for any planning program, the first step taken by the planning division to implement the long-range state plan has been to prepare two series of base maps -- one at a scale of 1 inch to a mile, and the second a series of 26 sheets at a scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet, covering the entire state.

Since conventional methods are insensitive at the low frequencies of these molecular transitions, the paramagnetic resonance method is being used instead.

Since broadcast frequencies are very limited in number, these objectives are to some extent inconsistent in that not all of them can be fully realized, and to the extent that each is realized, there is a corresponding reduction of the possibilities for fullest achievement of the others.

Since the provision of skywave service requires adequate freedom from interference, only class 1, stations are capable of rendering skywave service.

Since the sides are also covered up to the spray rails, they are also rough-sanded in that area.

Since fly cutters are one sided and not balanced, they should be used at the slowest speed available, and fed very slowly to avoid binding.

Since there are almost no schools in the country offering graduate work in interior design this rule cannot at present be observed.

Since charges are relatively the same, reserving a car before you leave for Europe will assure you of having one on tap when you want it.

Since practical washing procedures are both lengthy and expensive, a number of laboratory tests have been developed for the numerical evaluation of detergents.

Since the circulating thyroid hormones are the amino acids thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine ( cf. Section C ), it is clear that some mechanism must exist in the thyroid gland for their release from proteins before secretion.

Since emotional reactions in the higher vertebrates depend on individual experience and are aroused in man, in addition, by complex symbols, one would expect that the hypothalamus could be excited from the cortex.

Since Af are distinct prime polynomials, the polynomials Af are relatively prime ( Theorem 8, Chapter 4 ).

Since D and D' are both diagonalizable and they commute, they are simultaneously diagonalizable, and Af is diagonalizable.

Since N and N' are both nilpotent and they commute, the operator Af is nilpotent ; ;

Since Af are linearly independent functions and the exponential function has no zeros, these R functions Af, form a basis for the space of solutions.

Since the choice is by lot each week, the outcomes of different trials are independent.

Since two curves of symbol Af on Q intersect in Af points, it follows that there are Af lines of Af which are tangent to Aj.

Since the goal of our international planners is a World Government, this Atlantic Community would mark a giant step in that direction for, once American economic autonomy is absorbed, a larger grouping is a question of time.

Since acarbose and other alpha-glucosidase inhibitors prevents starch and other sugars from being broken down into monosaccharides that can be absorbed by the body, patients taking these medications should consume monosaccharide-containing foods such as glucose tablets, honey, or juice to reverse hypoglycemia.

Since the HP acquisition, 3Com has been fully absorbed by HP and no longer exists as a separate entity.

Since 1994, it has been broken up into three smaller provinces: the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape, plus parts of the province were absorbed into the North West.

Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes.

Since the 1990s, as the cash economy shrank, unemployed relatives were absorbed back on the family farm, and the importance of this form of nomadism has increased.

Since it is probable that Ninib has absorbed the cults of minor sun-deities, the two names may represent consorts of different gods.

Since cosmic X-ray radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, space-based telescopes are needed for X-ray astronomy.

Since the new city of Matsumoto has absorbed the village of Azumi, The tour guides are calling the area " Matsumoto-Kamikochi Area " instead of " The city of Matsumoto.

Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has absorbed elements of Western culture.

Since no chemicals or water are absorbed into the paper base, the time needed for processing, washing and drying durations are significantly reduced in comparison to fiber-based papers.

Since then, the town has absorbed the original settlement of Yorktown, which is now regarded as part of Camberley.

Since it is assumed that some or all of the gravific particles converging on an object are either absorbed or slowed by the object, it follows that the intensity of the flux of gravific particles emanating from the direction of a massive object is less than the flux converging on the object.

Since their introduction in the fiction, a number of the original clans have been destroyed, reformed, or otherwise lost ; three clans were absorbed by others ( Clans Widowmaker, Mongoose, Burrock ), two were annihilated ( Clans Wolverine and Smoke Jaguar ), one abjured from Clan society ( Clan Nova Cat ), one was split into two ( Clan Wolf ), and two eventually merged with Inner Sphere nations ( Clans Ghost Bear and Snow Raven ).

Since devolution its powers have been limited to those relating to reserved matters that are not dealt with by other departments of the UK Government, and it, along with the Wales Office, was then absorbed into the Department for Constitutional Affairs ( DCA ), which in turn became the Ministry of Justice.

Since the 1960s, the United States economy absorbed savings from the rest of the world.

Since it is absorbed poorly from the gut, it is administered parenterally ( subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously ).

Since the district was absorbed into the City of Manchester in 1904, the three city wards of Didsbury, Fallowfield, and Withington took on their own identities and are now seen as distinct areas.

Since the absorption and emission of light follow the laws of quantum mechanics, only photons with specific energies can be absorbed.

Since they are not absorbed from the gut, they are administered intravenously and intramuscularly.

Since these dogs have very low body fat, toxins are absorbed too quickly and cause severe damage to the nervous system and GI tract.

Since carbachol is poorly absorbed through topical administration, benzalkonium chloride is mixed in to promote absorption.

Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than 3 million immigrants, with thousands more arriving each year.

Since the king was wholly absorbed in the Lord, Who alone can dispense with fate, he did not feel the sting.