Since the beginning of Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 – 1541 ), Kingdom of Ireland ( 1541 – 1800 ), island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 – 1922 ), and the Irish Republic ( 1919 – 1922 ).

Since the 12th century, the territory has remained stable and relatively independent of its neighbours ; one of the few German territories for which this is true.

Since its origins at the turn of the 12th century, Sassari has been ruled by the Giudicato of Torres, the Pisans, the Sassaresi themselves in alliance with Genoa, the Catalan-Aragonese and the Spanish, all of whom have contributed to Sassari's historical and artistic heritage.

Since the end of the 12th century, Zweibrücken was the seat of the County of Zweibrücken, the counts being descended from Henry I ( Heinrich I.

Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travellers – and remains so to this day, attracting large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of who come to venerate its famous relic, the Sancta Camisa, said to be the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary at Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to see this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Since the release of his first book The 12th Planet in 1976, now in its 45th printing, Zecharia Sitchin has written seven other books as part of his Earth Chronicles series, as well as six other companion books, all of which are still in print.

Since the 12th century, the monarch appointed a sheriff to maintain the peace in Lancashire, a role usually filled by the duke and based at the castle.

Since the 12th century, the city has successively belonged to the Sultans of Aleppo ( Ayyubids ), Sultanate of Rum, the Mongols, the Mameluks, the Akkoyunlu, the Safavids and from 1517 to 1918 to the Ottoman Empire.

Since the 12th century, it has been widely debated whether the book should be considered a historical documentation from writer Chao Gongwu and Gao Sisun, and there have been attempts to categorize the book into a different genus.

Since the 12th century, it has been known as a tomb of Abu Hurairah, a companion ( sahaba ) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Since the mid 12th century the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp ( Słupsk ) were under the rule of Duke Ratibor I of Pomerania and his descendants, a cadet branch of the Griffin dynasty.

Since the 12th century there has been sectarian conflict of varying intensity in Ireland.

Since at least the 12th century, Welsh bards and musicians have participated in musical and poetic contests called eisteddfodau ; this is the equivalent of the Scottish Mod and the Irish Fleadh Cheoil.

Since Henry's death in 1997, the titles are held by his only son, Tim Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland.

) Since 2002 however, the International Schools Group ( ISG ) Dhahran campus, located within a mile of the Saudi Aramco compound in Dhahran, has offered US-based curriculum education through to 12th grade, enabling Dhahran residents to send their children there after leaving the Saudi Aramco school system, if they wish.

Since the 12th and 13th century, shippers of Hindeloopen undertook journeys to the North and Baltic Sea Coasts.

Since the 12th century AD its history was closely linked to that of the Federici family.

Since the time of Aymon, comte de Corbeil ( died 957 ), to the 12th century it was the chief town of a powerful county, which passed to Mauger, son of Richard I of Normandy.

Since 12th century chroniclers where unfamiliar with the region where the battle took place, they might have decided to call the location " camp of Ourique " for lack of a more precise term.

Since the competitors did not want to continue racing the next day, the 12th stage of the rally was cancelled for all motorcycles in honor of Meoni.

* Since the 12th century until the 16th, both Portugal and León and Castile wanted the territory because of its importance as a border.

Since none of the three brothers ( sons of the 12th Marquess's first marriage ) are married, the next in succession are their two half-brothers, sons of the 12th Marquess's second marriage.

Since the innovative ruling of Rabbeinu Tam ( 12th century Tosafist it is primarily used to refer to parchment or vellum.

Since writing was practiced in the Aegean before the end of the century, we may hope that the details of tradition will now be occasionally useful.

Since Alexander's work in the field came at the turn of the century, his ideas influenced many originators in the field of mind-body improvement.

Since the 20th century, the appointment of Archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between more moderate Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals.

Since the early 20th century, the armed forces have pursued the goal of weapons self-sufficiency.

Since then, biochemistry has advanced, especially since the mid-20th century, with the development of new techniques such as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, dual polarisation interferometry, NMR spectroscopy, radioisotopic labeling, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations.

Since Pope Leo XIII issued the bull Apostolicae Curae in 1896, the Catholic Church has insisted that Anglican orders are invalid because of changes in the Anglican ordination rites of the 16th century and divergence in understanding of the theology of priesthood, episcopacy and Eucharist.

Since the mid-20th century, there has been considerable debate over how the earliest forms of life evolved and how to classify them, especially at the kingdom and domain levels and organisms that are or have been considered bacteria.

Since the early 20th century it has been commonly accepted that Old Irish Bel ( l ) taine is derived from a Common Celtic * belo-te ( p ) niâ, meaning " bright fire " ( where the element * belo-might be cognate with the English word bale in ' bale-fire ' meaning ' white ' or ' shining '; compare Anglo-Saxon bael, and Lithuanian / Latvian baltas / balts, found in the name of the Baltic ; in Slavic languages byelo or beloye also means ' white ', as in Беларусь ( White Russia or Belarus ) or Бе ́ лое мо ́ ре Sea ).

Since Daniel was a statesman during the Persian conquests, the Book of Daniel could have been written in a period when the Persians had their greatest influence on Aramaic, believed to be in the mid 6th century BC.

Since the second half of the 20th century most scholars have agreed with Martin Noth's thesis that the books of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings form parts of a single work.

Since the late nineteenth century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry.

Since the Anglo-Boer war the term " Boervolk " was rarely used in the 20th century by the various regimes because of this attempt to assimilate the Boervolk with the Afrikaners.

Since the second half of the 20th century, computers have been programmed to play chess with increasing success, to the point where home computers can play chess at a very high level.

Since the late nineteenth century, only two brief periods of violence have marred its democratic development.

Since the consolidation of newspaper comics by the first quarter of the 20th century, most cartoonists have used a group of assistants ( with usually one of them credited ).

Since the 20th century, another source of words has been Japanese using existing kanji ( Chinese characters used in Japanese ).

Since the 16th century, Portugal extensively adopted slavery to man their colonies, coming mainly from West and Central Africa.

Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.

Since the later 20th century, use of CE and BCE has been popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by publishers emphasizing secularism or sensitivity to non-Christians.

Since the discovery of his " Letter to the Alexandrians " in the last century, much work has been done to rehabilitate Claudius and determine where the truth lies.

Since at least the 3rd century BC, there was influence of northern nomadic peoples and Yemaek peoples on Korean Warfare.

Since the early 21st century within the global functional food industry, raw cranberries have been marketed as a " superfruit " due to their nutrient content and antioxidant qualities.

Since the 19th century, US foreign policy also has been characterized by a shift from the realist school to the idealistic or Wilsonian school of international relations.

Since the Christianization of Ethiopia in the 4th century, the Church of Ethiopia has come under the dominion of the Church of Alexandria.