The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom ; thus, A = Z + N. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass ( and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes ), and the mass defect is usually very small compared to the mass, the atomic mass of an atom is roughly equal to A.

Since the 1920s this discrepancy has been explained by the presence of isotopes ; the atomic mass of any isotope is very close to satisfying the whole number rule, with the mass defect caused by differing binding energies being significantly smaller.

Since 2009, most researchers use a different nomenclature based on the gene defect ( e. g. CDG-Ia

Since the embryos survive almost to hatching with no heart function, the defect is very observable.

Since screening tests yield a risk score which represents the chance that the baby has the birth defect, the most common threshold for high-risk is 1: 270.

Since both railroads have defect detectors nearby to the west of the crossing that signal train statuses over the radio, the scanner is often an indication of when an eastbound train is about to appear at Rochelle.

Since small amounts of the system are integrated at one time, diagnosing and removing the defect is rapid.

Since we suppose the second player will defect, the first player does better by defecting in the second to last round, taking a slightly higher payoff than she would have received by allowing the second player to defect in the last round.

' Since a single defect by the opponent triggers defection forever, grim trigger is the most strictly unforgiving of strategies in an iterated game '.

Since December 2007 Jet Aviation also provides line maintenance, defect rectification and AOG services at Moscow's Vnukovo International Airport.

Since he was born with a physical disability ( shortened arms as the result of a birth defect ), he also advocated better public policies toward the disabled and other social minorities.

Since one cannot logically consider these subjects to be both " at the same moment " and " away in time ", an exclusive choice has to be made that defines these two separate domains, B and C. Our reality or domain B is created by the complex, but consistent transformation of A by our biological and mental makeup.

for all smooth L < sup > 2 </ sup > functions f, g. Since smooth functions are dense in L < sup > 2 </ sup >, this defines the adjoint on a dense subset of L < sup > 2 </ sup >: P < sup >*</ sup > is a densely-defined operator.

Since Article 160 defines a Malay as " professing the religion of Islam ", those eligible to benefit from laws assisting bumiputra are, in theory, subject to religious law enforced by the parallel Syariah Court system.

Since he defines technique as " the totality of methods rationally arrived at, and having absolute efficiency ( for a given stage of development ) in every field of human activity ", it is clear that his sociological analysis focuses not on the society of machines as such, but on the society of " efficient techniques ":

Since the meter is now the standard unit by statute law, this change to a derived unit implicitly defines the modern day Pied du Roi — literally: a French Royal foot — as exactly meters ( about 0. 325 m ).

Since the term was coined by Dr. DeFelice, its meaning has been modified by Health Canada which defines nutraceutical as: a product isolated or purified from foods, and generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food and demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against chronic disease.

Since the quadrilateral is convex, the line between the poles intersects both of the chords drawn across the corners, and the segment of the line between the chords defines the required chord perpendicular to the two other chords.

Since the purpose of organizations in most cases is the maximization of profit, the principle defines the borderline for the modeling process.

Since the latter excludes black holes, one defines a weakly asymptotically simple manifold as a manifold M with an open set U ⊂ M isometric to a neighbourhood of the boundary of, where is the conformal compactification of some asymptotically simple manifold.

Since Japanese law defines prostitution as " intercourse with an unspecified person in exchange for payment ", most sex clubs only offer non-coital services to remain legal.

Since it is presumed that one could find a common ancestor from any group of organisms if one goes far enough into the past, this definition implicitly or explicitly constrains what is a legitimate common ancestor, for example by requiring the common ancestor to share a derived trait ( synapomorphy ) which defines the group.

Since the standard has two main purposes ( definition and exchange ) the core object is the data element concept, since it defines a concept and, ideally, describes data independent of its representation in any one system, table, column or organisation.

Since his earliest work he has consistently advocated that the human species consists of biologically distinct races which he defines as " rival breeding populations ", some of which are intrinsically better fit than others, and which ought to compete against each other in a struggle for survival, but which all to frequently intermingle to the detriment of the superior races.

Since any bimodule corresponds to the commuting actions of two factors, each factor is contained in the commutant of the other and therefore defines a subfactor.

Since German was the lingua franca of science ( and especially of psychiatry ) at that time, Kraepelin's use of Alzheimer's disease in a textbook made the name famous.

Since the late 1980s, evidence has become available that instillation of BCG into the bladder is an effective form of immunotherapy in this disease.

Since the 1990s to the present, responses to mad-cow disease, genetically modified foods, flu epidemics in pigs and birds, and an increase in foodborne illness outbreaks, agricultural pollution, and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations ( CAFOs ) have led people to question where their food comes from and what is actually in it.

Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical circumstances, such as severe malaria, and in impoverished regions due to its low cost.

Since the late 1990s, devil facial tumour disease has drastically reduced the devil population and now threatens the survival of the species, which in 2008 was declared to be endangered.

Since the 17th century, several major epidemics of the disease have been recorded in the Americas, Africa, and Europe.

Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing, making it a re-emerging disease.

Since the Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > hypothesis of Alzheimer ’ s was proposed in 1994, several studies have shown that disruptions in Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > signalling are the primary cause of Alzheimer ’ s disease.

Since this autoimmune disease appears suddenly, often quite late in life, viral or bacterial infection may trigger antibodies that cross-react with the human TSH receptor ( a phenomenon known as antigenic mimicry, also seen in some cases of type 1 diabetes ).

Since all plants in a monoculture are genetically similar, if a disease strikes to which they have no resistance, it can destroy entire populations of crops.

Since the dangers of the disease are well known, while the dangers of the vaccine are quite minimal, most doctors recommend vaccination.

Since chemotherapy on its own is not guaranteed to completely rid the patient of disease, patients are often kept on the drugs for extended periods of times ( i. e. more than 6 months, years ).

Since circa 1990 however, the elm has enjoyed a renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe of cultivars highly resistant to the new disease.

* Since cybersex can satisfy some sexual desires without the risk of a sexually transmitted disease ( STD ) or pregnancy, it is a physically safe way for young people ( such as with teenagers ) to experiment with sexual thoughts and emotions.

Since this disease is not well known and often remains undiagnosed, mortality might be much higher.

Since the disease disproportionately targets children a majority of the honorees were youth soccer players.

Since the distribution of the defective mitochondrial DNA may vary from organ to organ within the body, and each mutation is modulated by other genome variants, the mutation that in one individual may cause liver disease might in another person cause a brain disorder.

Since the end of the 20th century, medical anthropologists have had a much more sophisticated understanding of the problem of cultural representations and social practices related to health, disease and medical care and attention.

Since the start of the 20th century, research on keratoconus has both improved understanding of the disease and greatly expanded the range of treatment options.

Since 1990, Agutter has brought up her son and her work has been in sound recordings and supporting charities, notably the Cystic Fibrosis Trust, of which she is a patron ( she is also a carrier of the disease ).

Since the Europe outbreak of ' mad cow disease ' or ( bovine spongiform encephalopathy ) in 2000, tallow is replaced for many uses by vegetable oleic fatty acids, such as palm kernel and coconut oils.

Since it is unknown whether chronic wasting disease ( CWD ), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy among deer ( similar to mad cow disease ), can pass from deer to humans through the consumption of venison, there have been some fears of contamination of the food supply.

An audience member at a lecture by Georgi Morozov on forensic psychiatry in the Serbsky Institute asked, “ Tell us, Georgi Vasilevich, what is actually the diagnosis of sluggish schizophrenia ?” Since the question was asked ironically Morozov replied ironically: “ You know, dear colleagues, this is a very peculiar disease.

Since detectable antibody responses require about a week after infection to develop, serologic testing may be falsely negative early in the disease course.