Since the Heisenberg principle limits the precision of any measurement of the combination of an electron's momentum ( related to energy ) and its position, in a crystal effectively the available energy levels form a continuous band of allowed energy levels.

Since an electron's spin magnetic moment is constant ( approximately the Bohr magneton ), then the electron must have gained or lost angular momentum through spin-orbit coupling.

Since the source of an EPR spectrum is a change in an electron's spin state, it might be thought that all EPR spectra for a single electron spin would consist of one line.

Since frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional, this is equivalent to saying that the frequency of the light is reduced towards the red part of the light spectrum, giving this phenomenon the name redshift.

Since fluorescence emission differs in wavelength ( color ) from the excitation light, an ideal fluorescent image shows only the structure of interest that was labeled with the fluorescent dye.

Since the refractive index for a given medium changes depending on the wavelength of light, Brewster's angle will also vary with wavelength.

Since with electromagnetic radiation like microwaves frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, the wavelength of the waves is also affected.

Since wavelength and frequency are tied together through a simple directly inverse relationship, the two terms actually describe the same concept.

* Transceivers – Since communication over a single wavelength is one-way ( simplex communication ), and most practical communication systems require two-way ( duplex communication ) communication, two wavelengths will be required ( which might or might not be on the same fiber, but typically they will be each on a separate fiber in a so-called fiber pair ).

Since is a function of wavelength, a molar circular dichroism value () must specify the wavelength at which it is valid.

Since the wavenumber k, is the inverse of wavelength ( k = 1 / λ ) the previous equation can be rewritten as

Since that refractive index varies with wavelength, it follows that the angle that the light is refracted by will also vary with wavelength, causing an angular separation of the colors known as angular dispersion.

Since the size of a directional antenna depends on it being large compared to the wavelength, very directional antennas of this sort are mainly feasible at UHF and microwave frequencies.

Since the first ionization energy of hydrogen and oxygen are both 14 eV, the spectrum of ionizing radiation is commonly defined to start at approximately 10 eV ( equivalent to a far ultraviolet wavelength of 124 nanometers ).

Since blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, it is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light.

Since the basic physical phenomenon is based on diffraction, the periodicity of the photonic crystal structure has to be of the same length-scale as half the wavelength of the EM waves i. e. ~ 200 nm ( blue ) to 350 nm ( red ) for photonic crystals operating in the visible part of the spectrum-the repeating regions of high and low dielectric constants have to be of this dimension.

Since cones respond to both the wavelength and intensity of light, the cone's sensitivity to wavelength is measured in terms of its relative rate of response if the intensity of a stimulus is held fixed, while the wavelength is varied.

Since the likelihood of response of a given cone varies not only with the wavelength of the light that hits it but also with its intensity, the brain would not be able to discriminate different colors if it had input from only one type of cone.

Since the signal travels from the SAR antenna to the target and back again, the measured displacement is twice the unit of wavelength.

Since a decrease in energy corresponds to an increase in light's wavelength, this effect would produce a redshift in spectral lines that increase proportionally with the distance of the source.

Since the Supreme Court's decision of that year this is more doubtful ; ;

( Since the time-span of the nation-state coincides roughly with the separate existence of the United States as an independent entity, it is perhaps natural for Americans to think of the nation as representative of the highest form of order, something permanent and unchanging.

Since it is not far from Viareggio, he will visit Puccini's house, as he never fails to do, to pay his respects to the memory of the composer of La Boheme, which he considers one of Puccini's masterpieces.

Since attack serves to stimulate interest in broadcasts, I added to my opening statement a sentence in which I claimed that German youth seemed to lack the enthusiasm which is a necessary ingredient of anger, and might be classified as uninterested and bored rather than angry.

Since the air is a continuum, the network of communication remains intact regardless of the positions or motions of the points ( the people ) in the net.

Since the hazards of poor communication are so great, p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes, a mine, or a sugar maple camp.

Since the difficulty of drawing the net is great, we will merely discuss it.

Since a civilizational crisis involves also a crisis in private interests and in the ruling class, reaction is normally found among those who feel themselves to be among the ruling class.

Since civilizational change is the most difficult to perceive and analyze, it seldom is given adequate attention.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

Since more is known about Quiney than about any other acquaintance of Shakespeare in Stratford, his career may be followed to its sudden end in 1602.

Since the great flood of these dystopias has appeared only in the last twelve years, it seems fairly reasonable to assume that the chief impetus was the 1949 publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, an assumption which is supported by the frequent echoes of such details as Room 101, along with education by conditioning from Brave New World, a book to which science-fiction writers may well have returned with new interest after reading the more powerful Orwell dystopia.

Since Laos is of no more purely military value to Moscow itself than it is to Washington, this approach might be expected to head off Mr. Khrushchev for the moment.

Since little is known about autism, and almost nothing has been written for the layman, we'd like to share one experienced mother's comments.

Since the work is done by hand, the only limitation, it is said, `` is that of human conception ''.

Since the apparatus is new, it requires experimentation and changes in technique.

Since the obvious is not always true, the Republican National Committee wisely analyzed its defeat of last autumn and finds that it occurred, as suspected, in the larger cities.

Since he has just shown who is top dog, he may not be ready to receive this highest honor in the gift of the Soviet people.

Since appeals to morality, to humanity, and to sanity have had such small effect, perhaps our last recourse is the deterrent example.

Since the goal of our international planners is a World Government, this Atlantic Community would mark a giant step in that direction for, once American economic autonomy is absorbed, a larger grouping is a question of time.

Since the mid-1890s Schweitzer had formed the inner resolve that it was needful for him as a Christian to repay to the world something for the happiness which it had given to him, and he determined that he would pursue his younger interests until the age of thirty and then give himself to serving humanity, with Jesus serving as his example.

Since the maximum aperture of the pencils issuing from O is the angle u subtended by the entrance pupil at this point, the magnitude of the aberration will be determined by the position and diameter of the entrance pupil.

Since a set is determined completely by its elements, there can only be one empty set.

Since this gas is in approximate hydrostatic equilibrium with the overall cluster gravitational field, the total mass distribution can be determined.

Since the emergence of the post-1943 state and after the destruction of the Ottoman Caliphate, national policy has been determined largely by a relatively restricted group of traditional regional and sectarian leaders.

Since 1969, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi had determined Libya's foreign policy.

Since the energy of the photoelectrons emitted is exactly the energy of the incident photon minus the material's work function or binding energy, the work function of a sample can be determined by bombarding it with a monochromatic X-ray source or UV source, and measuring the kinetic energy distribution of the electrons emitted.

Since there was no compromise coming from Henry V, it was determined on 30 October 1119 that the Emperor and his antipope should be solemnly excommunicated.

Since Whitehead, process thought is distinguished from Hegel in that it describes entities which arise or coalesce in becoming, rather than being simply dialectically determined from prior posited determinates.

Since each sample is a random variable, the sample mean is a function of random variables and hence a random variable itself, whose distribution can be computed and properties determined.

Since the scattering angle is uniquely determined for a given and, the number of particles scattered into an angle between and must be the same as the number of particles with associated impact parameters between and.

Since that success, over 73761 X-ray crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules have been determined.

Since the definition of the gram is not () mathematically tied to that of the dalton, the number N < sub > A </ sub > of molecules in a mole ( Avogadro's number ) must be determined experimentally.

Since the bulk of the rubber produced is of the synthetic variety, which is derived from petroleum, the price of natural rubber is determined, to a large extent, by the prevailing global price of crude oil.

Since ancient times, people have believed that the sex of an infant is determined by how much heat a man's sperm had during insemination.

Since the evolution of a star is determined by its mass, the process influences the evolution of both companions, and creates stages that cannot be attained by single stars.

Since the Volume Bitmap must have a bit to represent each allocation block, its size is determined by the size of the volume itself.

Since the discovery of the Sweet Track, it has been determined that it was built along the route of an even earlier track, the Post Track, dating from 3838 BC and so 30 years older.

Since only the level spacing is determined by the correspondence principle, you could always add a small fixed offset to the quantum number --- L could just as well have been.

Since 2005, the renminbi exchange rate has been allowed to float in a narrow margin around a fixed base rate determined with reference to a basket of world currencies.

Since hydrogen is by far the most abundant molecule in the universe, the initial chemistry of these ices is determined by the chemistry of the hydrogen.

Since the codes are added in a manner determined by the data, the decoder mimics building the table as it sees the resulting codes.

Since the basic cycle time of the Whirlwind I processor was determined by the memory access time, the entire processor was slower than designed.

Since the difference in the energy levels of the electrons is determined by the external magnetic field, there is a frequency at which this small AC field will cause the electrons to change states.