Since July 2007, following the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and the following Battle of Gaza, Hamas has functioned as the de-facto ruler in the Gaza Strip, forming an alternative Hamas Government in Gaza.

Since real political power belongs to the sole legal party, in certain states under Marxist constitutions of the constitutionally socialist state type inspired by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) and its constitutive Soviet republics, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person.

Since the founding of the United States, the power of the president and the federal government have grown substantially and each modern president, despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or vetoing congressionally passed bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the United States.

Since then, many jurisdictions have been swayed by Justice Traynor's arguments on behalf of the strict liability rule in Escola, Greenman, and subsequent cases — including nearly all U. S. states, the European Union, Australia, and Japan — and have adopted it either by judicial decision or by legislative act.

Since the president is both the " Chairman for Life " of the Halk Maslahaty and the supreme leader of the Mejlis, the 2003 law has the effect of making him the sole authority of both the executive and legislative branches of government.

Since Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) and Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ), the Supreme Court has interpreted the Equal Protection Clause as requiring the states to apportion their congressional districts and state legislative seats according to " one man, one vote ".

Since many a country with a transitional political and economic system continues treating its constitution as an abstract legal document disengaged from the economic policy of the state, practice of judicial review of economic acts of executive and legislative branches began to grow.

Since the colonial era, Rhode Island would rotate its legislative sessions between Providence, Newport, Bristol, East Greenwich and Kingston and did not have a fixed capital.

Since that time, the federal government has slowly devolved legislative jurisdiction to the territories.

Since the U. S. Civil War, the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly, although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance ( e. g., the decades immediately following the Civil War ) or when states ' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action, executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts.

Since the executive and legislative functions are closely intertwined in any parliamentary system, the Bundesrat's ability to revisit and slow down legislative processes could be seen as making up for that loss of separation.

Since the 1970s most legislative and administrative competencies have been transferred to the two autonomous provinces which make up the region: Trentino and South Tyrol.

Since the 1799 constitution, the governor has been permitted to call the legislature into session somewhere other than the state capital if the capital had, since the last legislative session, " become dangerous from an enemy or from contagious diseases.

Since 2003, he has served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, a position which is roughly equivalent to that of a Speaker of a legislative assembly.

Since 1935 the Legislative Analysis and Information Section ( formerly “ Bill Digest ”) of CRS has had statutory responsibility for preparation of authoritative, objective, nonpartisan summaries of introduced public bills and resolutions and maintenance of historical legislative information.

Since adoption of the current state constitution in 1972, which mandated single-member legislative districts for the first time in the state's history, the Montana Senate has been controlled by Democrats in 9 sessions, and Republicans in 10 sessions.

Since 1992, CDA has actively promoted the Democratic legislative agenda and Democratic candidates for office.

Since then, congressional, state legislative and City Council districts have been drawn so as to ensure minority representation.

Since then, the department has been involved in numerous initiatives and legislative efforts, including the establishment of new state parks, new flood laws, hunter safety programs, forestry education and the general rejuvenation of Indiana's forestland.

Circle of Trust Campaign: Since its creation in 2002, Protect has led successful legislative battles to eliminate laws that award preferential treatment to criminals who sexually assault their own children.

Since the adoption of the current Illinois Constitution in 1970, the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois does not serve in any legislative capacity as Senate President, and has had its office's powers transferred to other capacities.

including control of foreign affairs, taxation ( although this cannot discriminate between states or parts of states ), and regulation of interstate commerce and corporations. Section 51 of the Australian Constitution at theamericanParliament website Since the original ratification of the constitution, the High Court of Australia has settled a number of disputes concerning the extent of the Commonwealth's legislative powers, some of which have been controversial and extensively criticised ; these included a dispute in 1982 over whether the Commonwealth was entitled to designate land for national heritage purposes under United Nations agreements, Barwick, Sir Garfield, A View of the External Affairs Power, Samuel Griffith Society as well as numerous disputes over the extent of the Commonwealth's power over trade union and industrial relations legislation. Creighton, Breen, One Hundred Years of the Conciliation and Arbitration Power: A Province Lost ?, Melbourne University Law Review

Since 1995, the High Representative has been able to bypass the elected parliamentary assembly or to remove elected officials.

Since the return of constitutional rule, assembly sector employment has gradually recovered with over 20, 000 now employed, but further growth has been stalled by investor concerns over safety and supply reliability.

Since the main object of the king in holding a national assembly was to collect money, the Church could not be left out and so they came to Parliament.

Since the constitution allowed for the creation of autonomous communities, but the process itself was embryonic in nature — they were formed after the promulgation of the constitution, and the outcome was unpredictable — the constituent assembly chose the province as the basis for territorial representation.

Since the 1990s, the small manufacturing sector has been expanding at a modest pace, including electronic assembly, rum, candles, and paints.

Since the core S / 360 instruction set remained geared to a 24-bit universe, this third step would require a real break from the status quo ; existing assembly language applications would of course not benefit, and new compilers would be needed before non-assembler applications could be migrated.

Since the factory had no assembly branches outside Russia after 1991, its name is largely used today to refer to the building located in Lower Eastern part of Moscow and abandoned since 2006.

Since EchoStar also owned the adjacent 119 ° W orbital location it developed the Dish 500 to receive the signals of both orbital locations using one Dish and an innovative dual-LNB assembly.

Since the invention of the Technical Friend ( which replaces the original one-piece machined alloy shaft with a brazed assembly incorporating a length of thick stainless-steel cable, which is better able to cope with loading over an edge ), there has been a great deal of development of the SLCD by a variety of manufacturers.

Since Ford owned its own hardwood forest and mills, it began supplying the wood components for the Model A wagon ( although initially some final assembly still took place away from the factory, by Briggs, in Detroit, with wood from the Mengel Company in Louisville, Kentucky ).

Since 1973, maquiladoras have also accounted for nearly half of Mexico ’ s export assembly.

Since globalization and physical restructuring have contributed to the competition and advent of low-cost offshore assembly in places such as China, and countries in Central America, maquiladoras in Mexico have been on the decline since 2000: According to federal sources, approximately 529 maquiladoras shut down and investment in assembly plants decreased by 8. 2 percent in 2002.

Since provincial prohibitions touching on the fundamental freedoms of speech, religion, assembly and association were declared unconstitutional by the courts, and in light of the expansive obiters in the leading cases, the writers were able to claim that there was a bill of rights implicit in the Constitution.

Since the Romans used a form of direct democracy, citizens, and not elected representatives, voted before each assembly.

Since the national assembly had not been initiated by the German Confederation, it was lacking not only major constitutional bodies, such as a head of state and a government, but also legal legitimation.

Since in close cases this can be imprecise, typically if there is any doubt as to the outcome any member of the assembly may request another vote by a method such as division of the assembly ( a standing or rising vote ), or a roll call vote.

Since the creation of a democratic local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese municipalities have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body ( the municipal chamber ) and a deliberative body ( the municipal assembly ).

Since many alternative elements are actually salvaged from release prints and duplication masters ( foreign and domestic ), care must be taken to plot the course at which negative, master positive and release print elements arrive back at a common polarity ( i. e., negative or positive ) for assembly and subsequent printing.

Since the pope had forbidden Catholics to vote at those elections ( he considered the convocation of the election " a monstruous act of felony made without a mask by the sponsors of the anarchic demagogy " an " abnormal and sacrilegious attempt ... deserving the punishments written both in the divine and the human laws "), the resulting constitutional assembly had a republican inclination.

Since the parts are interchangeable, it is also possible to separate manufacture from assembly, and assembly may be carried out by semi-skilled labor on an assembly line-an example of the division of labor.