Singer's argument for abortion differs from many other proponents of abortion, then ; rather than attacking the second premise of the anti-abortion argument, Singer attacks the first premise, denying that it is necessarily wrong to take innocent human life:

Singer states that arguments for or against abortion should be based on utilitarian calculation which compares the preferences of a woman against the preferences of the fetus.

Similar to his argument for abortion, Singer argues that newborns lack the essential characteristics of personhood —" rationality, autonomy, and self-consciousness "— and therefore " killing a newborn baby is never equivalent to killing a person, that is, a being who wants to go on living.

" Bentham and Singer both argue, for example, that to deprive an animal of its whole life is a greater loss to that sentient individual compared to the benefit of satisfying another sentient individual's senses, in this case the sense of taste which is a mere desire or preference for a certain taste ( a temporary sensory experience ), given that one does not even live less years by becoming a vegetarian or vegan and thus one is only benefitting in terms of the temporary sensory pleasure ; applying this to humans versus other humans, Singer argues that to deprive a man of the right not to be tortured would, similarly, be a great loss to most men when we ask ourselves how much they lose by not having that right, whereas a man losing a right to give birth ( or right to have an abortion ) is not considered to be any loss at all because he cannot get pregnant in the first place, thus the right not to be tortured is obviously, Singer argues, a more important right for males than a nonsensical right for males to give birth ( or to elect to have abortions ).

While the abortion is technically successful, it is implied via a fractured, emotional conversation with the doctor ( Stephen Singer ) that Aviva can no longer have children.

" According to P. W. Singer, the FARC attack upon the Guatape hydroelectric facility in 1998 had allegedly involved militants as young as 8 years old and a 2001 FARC training video depicted boys as young as 11 working with missiles.

* December 4 – Singer Roy Orbison gives his last concert in Akron, Ohio, USA, before his death from a massive heart attack.

Sunlight Gardener escapes during the attack and Wolf is shot four times by Sonny Singer ( a prefect at the school ), and dies of his injuries.

Time magazine wrote in 1969 that Singer had had a lifelong fascination with Phobos and Mars's second moon, Deimos.

At the end of this protest, when Singer attempted to address their concerns, a second group of protesters rose and began chanting " Singer raus!

In 1999 Clooney published her second autobiography, Girl Singer: An Autobiography describing her battles with addiction to prescription drugs for depression, and how she lost and then regained a fortune.

Duncan bore two children, both out of wedlock — the first, Deirdre ( born September 24, 1906 ), by theatre designer Gordon Craig, and the second, Patrick ( born May 1, 1910 ), by Paris Singer, one of the many sons of sewing machine magnate Isaac Singer.

When Norris downed the champion for the count with a right to the jaw, Mugabi received the dubious distinction as the second fighter, after Al Singer, to both win and lose a world title by first round knockout when he was defeated by Norris.

At the end of the year Willcox won the Smash Hits reader's poll in two categories: Best Female Singer and Most Fanciable Female ( beating Kim Wilde to the second place ).

Singer songwriter Jewel also contributed a musical track to the score from her second studio album Spirit.

This was Sandler's second $ 100 million film in 1998 along with The Wedding Singer.

Singer / guitarist Tim Armstrong released an album with his then-new side project Transplants and second guitarist Lars Frederiksen released an album with Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards.

That same year, the first " talkie ," The Jazz Singer, received an honorary award for introducing sound to film, and the category for which The Private Life of Helen of Troy was nominated was dropped by the second Academy Awards.

* September 14-Tony Canzoneri wins his second world title, knocking out Al Singer ( who in the process became the first world boxing champion in history to both win and lose the title by first round knockout ) in the first round and breaking Singer's record for the fastest finish in a world Lightweight title fight, in New York.

On the way to his classification of Riemannian holonomy groups, Berger developed two criteria that must be satisfied by the Lie algebra of the holonomy group of a torsion-free affine connection which is not locally symmetric: one of them, known as Berger's first criterion, is a consequence of the Ambrose – Singer theorem, that the curvature generates the holonomy algebra ; the other, known as Berger's second criterion, comes from the requirement that the connection should not be locally symmetric.

Singer Dan Potthast has released solo work and has also started a second band The Stitch Up with former Slow Gherkin frontman James Rickman.

* Alexander Hurley — Singer and Comedian, second husband of Marie Lloyd

A 1974 study by Hariton and Singer found that being " overpowered or forced to surrender " was the second most frequent fantasy in their survey ; a 1984 study by Knafo and Jaffe ranked being overpowered as their study's most common fantasy during intercourse ; and a 1988 study by Pelletier and Herold found that over half of their female respondents had fantasies of forced sex.

Also in 1998, Smith made a second cameo appearance in a film, portraying a " Singer at the Rodeo Dance " in The Hi-Lo Country starring Woody Harrelson and Billy Crudup.

Taufik shined on as the top artiste in Singapore, garnering the Most Popular Male Personality Award at Suria ’ s Annual TV awards, Pesta Perdana 2007, the Nickelodeon Kid ’ s Choice Wannabe Award ( Singapore ) for the second consecutive year, and also the Most Popular Artiste ( Singapore ) Award, Most Popular Song-Usah Lepaskan ( Singapore ) Award and the Best Local Song-Usah Lepaskan ( Singer / Composer / Lyricist ) Award at the Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007.

An initial meeting on Jun 25 1954 at the Redstone Arsenal of Dr. Wernher von Braun, Frederick C. Durant III, Alexander Satin, David Young, Dr. Fred L. Whipple, Dr. S. Fred Singer, and Commander George W. Hoover resulted in an agreement that a Redstone rocket with a Loki cluster as the second stage could launch a satellite into a 200-mile orbit without major new developments.

Although her voice was not heard in The Jazz Singer, she did speak in several other films, including the second " all-talkie " released by Warner Brothers, The Terror which was directed by Roy Del Ruth and co-starred Conrad Nagel.

'" Abby Singer himself explains the reason behind calling out the second to last shot ; " In television, we would make maybe five or six moves during the day — going from one set to another, or from one stage to another.

Benjamin Zablocki and Alberto Amitrani interpreted the APA's response as meaning that there was no unanimous decision on the issue either way, suggesting also that Singer retained the respect of the psychological community after the incident.

Singer and Prebisch examined data over a long period of time suggesting that the terms of trade for primary commodity exporters did have a tendency to decline.

Singer said there were " numerous causes for CANS ", which was proposed because of the " inconclusive and conflicting scientific support " for PANDAS, including " strong evidence suggesting the absence of an important role for GABHS, a failure to apply published criteria, and a lack of scientific support for proposed therapies ".

Since a capacity to experience the sensations of suffering or satisfaction is a prerequisite to having any preferences at all, and a fetus, up to around eighteen weeks, says Singer, has no capacity to suffer or feel satisfaction, it is not possible for such a fetus to hold any preferences at all.

* October 6 – The Jazz Singer opens in the United States and it becomes a huge success, although it would be a while before silent films are completely gone.

Although not the first ' talkie ', The Jazz Singer becomes the first box-office hit and popularizes sound motion pictures.

* Isaac Bashevis Singer becomes a naturalized citizen of the United States.

Following the birth of a son, Isadora returns to England with Singer but becomes bored with her quiet life and enters into an affair with her pianist, Armand.

Eleven-year-old Aaron Singer spends part of his summer vacation on the Quileute Indian Reservation in Washington, where he becomes friends with Robert, a Quileute boy.

Singer broods and becomes very alone yet feels content in the fact that he has chosen an enigmatic lifestyle.

More recently, Peter Singer has argued that it is unreasonable that we do not give equal consideration to the interests of animals as to those of human beings when we choose the way we are to treat them.

Essentially Singer claims that although humans possess selfish, competitive tendencies naturally, they have a substantial capacity for cooperation that has also been selected for during human evolution.

Singer believes that although sex between species is not normal or natural, it does not constitute a transgression of our status as human beings, because human beings are animals or, more specifically, " we are great apes ".

On 11 June 2012, Singer was named an Companion of the Order of Australia for " eminent service to philosophy and bioethics as a leader of public debate and communicator of ideas in the areas of global poverty, animal welfare and the human condition.

Singer / song writer, documentary film producers for their commitment to the environment through the establishment of the Rainforest Foundation ; to human rights in China through the documentary film on Tiananmen Square ; and to peace and social justice through the powerful gift of song.

In the 20th century, Princeton University professor Peter Singer argued that Bentham's conclusion is often dismissed by an appeal to a distinction that condemns human suffering but allows non-human suffering, typically " appeals " that are logical fallacies ( unless the distinction is factual, in which case the appeal is just one logical fallacy petitio principii ).

Instead, Singer argues, a consideration of interests should be equal to that of a human ( or a man or an adult ) only whenever the two groups share similar relevant characteristics.

Singer himself rejected the use of the theoretical framework of rights when it comes to human and nonhuman animals: he argued that the interests of animals should be considered because of their ability to feel suffering and that the idea of rights was not necessary in order to consider them.

Singer allows that animal rights are not the same as human rights, writing in Animal Liberation that " there are obviously important differences between human and other animals, and these differences must give rise to some differences in the rights that each have.

In a lengthy debate in Slate Magazine, Richard Posner challenged that Singer failed to see the " radicalism of the ethical vision that powers view on animals, an ethical vision that finds greater value in a healthy pig than in a profoundly intellectually challenged child, that commands inflicting a lesser pain on a human being to avert a greater pain to a dog, and that, provided only that a chimpanzee has 1 percent of the mental ability of a normal human being, would require the sacrifice of the human being to save 101 chimpanzees.

The fifth edition ( 2003, with Nancy Singer Olaguera ) addresses the spread of the Internet, and how it has transformed the way human beings communicate and adopt new ideas.

This differs from the view that there is no essential difference between the pain of non-human animals and that of human beings ( see Peter Singer ), and also differs from the view that the pain of animals is a morally relevant consideration, but is not morally decisive ( See Bonnie Steinbock ).

She was paid a $ 125 salary each week, which was far more than many of the human actors ( the Singer Midgets who played the Munchkins reportedly received $ 50 to $ 100 a week ).

The Seattle-based Great Ape Project ( GAP ), founded by Peter Singer, is campaigning for the United Nations to adopt its Declaration on Great Apes, which would see chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orang-utans included in a " community of equals " with human beings.