Deuterocanonical is a term coined in 1566 by the theologian Sixtus of Siena, who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism, to describe scriptural texts of the Old Testament considered canonical by the Catholic Church, but which are not present in the Hebrew Bible, and which had been omitted by some early canon lists, especially in the East.

The Spanish manuscript also contains a preface by one assuming the pseudonym ' Fra Marino ', claiming to have stolen a copy of the Italian version from the library of Pope Sixtus V. Fra Marino reports that, having a post in the Inquisition Court, he had come into possession of several works, which led him to believe that the Biblical text had been corrupted, and that genuine apostolic texts had been improperly excluded.

Lawrence of Rome, his best-known deacon, suffered martyrdom on 10 August, 3 days after his bishop, as Sixtus had prophesied.

Upon election to pope he adopted the name Sixtus – a name that had not been used since the 5th century.

For refusing to desist from the very hostilities that he himself had instigated ( and for being a dangerous rival to Della Rovere dynastic ambitions in the Marche ), Sixtus IV placed Venice under interdict in 1483.

Sixtus ' earlier threats to excommunicate all captains or pirates who enslaved Christians in the bull Regimini Gregis of 1476 could have been intended to emphasise the need to convert the natives of the Canary Islands and Guinea and establish a clear difference in status between those who had converted and those who resisted.

Although Sixtus IV has been accused of having had male lovers, there appears to be little to substantiate such claims other than the diary records of Stefano Infessura.

The sacred college had allegedly grown especially worldly and troublesome since the time of Sixtus IV, and Leo took advantage of a plot of several of its members to poison him, not only to inflict exemplary punishments by executing one ( Alfonso Petrucci ) and imprisoning several others, but also to make a radical change in the college.

The ordinary income of the pope for the year 1517 had been reckoned at about 580, 000 ducats, of which 420, 000 came from the States of the Church, 100, 000 from annates, and 60, 000 from the composition tax instituted by Sixtus IV.

The conspirators approached Sixtus IV in the hopes of gaining his approval, as he and the Medici had a long rivalry themselves, but the pope gave no official sanction to the plan.

Sixtus prided himself upon his hoard, but the method by which it had been amassed was financially unsound: some of the taxes proved ruinous, and the withdrawal of so much money from circulation could not fail to cause distress.

Sixtus had Cardinal Allen draw up the An Admonition to the Nobility and Laity of England, a proclamation to be published in England if the invasion had been successful.

Until Sixtus V, Canon Lawyers had applied the code from Gratian whereby excommunications were only given to abortions after the quickening.

After his death Sixtus IV and a selected group of cardinals inspected the treasure laid up against expenditures against the Turks: they found 54 silver shells filled with pearls, to a value of 300, 000 ducats, jewels and gold intended for refashioning, worth another 300, 000 ducats, and a magnificent diamond worth 7, 000 ducats, which was sent to Cardinal d ' Estouteville to cover monies he had advanced to the pontiff.

Pope Celestine had died on July 27 but his successor, Sixtus III, gave papal confirmation to the council's actions.

Christianity had become established in the city by 260, at which period Saint Sixtus of Reims founded the Reims bishopric.

At the time of Pope Sixtus IV, this was the Chapel of Pope Nicholas V, which had been decorated by Fra Angelico.

Sixtus the Third had succeeded to the See of Rome ; his predecessor, Celestine, having died in 432.

As Henry III had no son, under Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henri of Navarre, a descendant of Louis IX whom Pope Sixtus V had excommunicated along with his cousin, Henri Prince de Condé.

Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, composed of six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons ; however, Pope John XXIII began to exceed the overall limit of 70, and this continued under his successors.

The 4th century church historian Eusebius, however, states in his Chronicon that Sixtus I was pope from 114 to 124, while his Historia Ecclesiastica, using a different list, claims that Sixtus ' rule was from 114 to 128.

In 1474 Sixtus IV gave him permission to write a rule for his community, and to assume the title of Hermits of St. Francis: this rule was formally approved by Alexander VI, who, however, changed their title into that of Minims.

In Rome, he continued his teaching activities: it was reported that on one occasion Pope Sixtus IV commissioned Gaza to translate Aristotle ’ s works into Latin, with the pay of a number of gold pieces ; however on receiving the pay Gaza was insulted at the amount paid, and furiously cast the money into the Tiber river.

These setbacks however didn't necessarily mean an end to Jewish Christianity, any more than Valerian's Massacre of 258, ( when he killed all Christian bishops, presbyters, and deacons, including Pope Sixtus II and Antipope Novatian and Cyprian of Carthage ), meant an end to Roman Christianity.

The notorious Sixtus Affair, however, led to Count von Czernin's downfall.

no: Sixtus I

no: Sixtus II

no: Sixtus IV

The Pope set no limit to his plans, and achieved much in his short pontificate, always carried through at top speed: the completion of the dome of St. Peter's ; the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano ; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore ; additions or repairs to the Quirinal, Lateran and Vatican palaces ; the erection of four obelisks, including that in Saint Peter's Square ; the opening of six streets ; the restoration of the aqueduct of Septimius Severus (" Acqua Felice "); the integration of the Leonine City in Rome as XIV rione ( Borgo ).

no: Sixtus V

From the fact that no mention whatever is made of this alleged miracle until a few hundred years later, not even by Sixtus III in his eight-line dedicatory inscription ... it would seem that the legend has no historical basis.

The streets had no pavement until the time of Sixtus IV at the end of the 15th century.

no: Sixtus

It is said that Sixtus would have gladly made Wessel a bishop, but that he had no desire for any ecclesiastical preferment but rather asked for a Hebrew Old Testament.

It comes as no surprise that the pawn shops of Rome were the most prosperous of all, especially in the 15th century under Popes Pius IV and Sixtus V. This Italian ' Lombard ' pawn shop method became famous.

Sixtus V, more concerned with rationalized urban planning than the preservation of antiquities, then destroyed what still remained of the ancient palace of the Lateran in 1586 and erected the present much smaller edifice in its place.

Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons.

Pope Sixtus IV is known for having built the Sistine Chapel, which is named for him.

In the 16th century Sixtus V bisected Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere with a cross-wing to house the Apostolic Library in suitable magnificence. The 16th and 17th centuries saw other privately endowed libraries assembled in Rome: the Vallicelliana, formed from the books of Saint Filippo Neri, with other distinguished libraries such as that of Cesare Baronio, the Biblioteca Angelica founded by the Augustinian Angelo Rocca, which was the only truly public library in Counter-Reformation Rome ; the Biblioteca Alessandrina with which Pope Alexander VII endowed the University of Rome ; the Biblioteca Casanatense of the Cardinal Girolamo Casanate ; and finally the Biblioteca Corsiniana founded by the bibliophile Clement XII Corsini and his nephew Cardinal Neri Corsini, still housed in Palazzo Corsini in via della Lungara. The Republic of Venice patronized the foundation of the Biblioteca Marciana, based on the library of Cardinal Basilios Bessarion. In Milan Cardinal Federico Borromeo founded the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.

The name of Sixtus is often connected with a great building boom in Rome: Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill was dedicated during his pontificate and he built Santa Maria Maggiore, whose dedication to Mary the Mother of God reflected his acceptance of the Ecumenical council of Ephesus which closed in 431.

Sixtus continued a dispute with King Louis XI of France, who upheld the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges ( 1438 ), according to which papal decrees needed royal assent before they could be promulgated in France.

On 1 November 1478, Sixtus published the Papal bull Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, through which the Spanish Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile.

In 1588, Pope Sixtus V established 15 congregations of the Roman Curia of which the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition was one.

Uppsala's bull, which granted the university its corporate rights, was issued by Pope Sixtus IV in 1477, and established a number of provisions.

* August 18 – Pope Sixtus III dies after a 8-year reign in which he has resisted heresy and sponsored major construction programs in Rome.

In Piranesi's view, the palazzo on the right is the Palazzo della Sacra Consulta, originally a villa built upon the ruins of the Baths of Constantine, which was adapted by Sixtus V as a civil and criminal court.

In 1476, a papal bull cum nulla of Pope Sixtus IV founded the Carmelites of the Third Order, who received a special rule in 1635, which was amended in 1678.

The concessions given in them were confirmed by bulls issued by Pope Callixtus III ( Inter Caetera quae in 1456 ), Sixtus IV ( Aeterni regis in 1481 ), and Leo X ( 1514 ), and they became the models for subsequent bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI: Eximiae devotionis ( 3 May 1493 ), Inter Caetera ( 4 May 1493 ) and Dudum Siquidem ( 23 September 1493 ), in which he conferred similar rights to Spain relating to the newly-discovered lands in the Americas.

He there founded in 1595, under a charter confirmed by Pope Sixtus V, the Accademia di San Luca, of which he was the first president.

These paintings were completed in 1482, and on 15 August 1483, Sixtus IV celebrated the first mass in the Sistine Chapel for the Feast of the Assumption, at which ceremony the chapel was consecrated and dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

" The Liber Pontificalis, which is held to draw from sources independent of the existing traditions and Acta regarding Lawrence, uses passus est concerning him, the same term it uses for Pope Sixtus II ( martyred by beheading during the same persecution ).