Social role theorists have explicitly stressed that the labor division is not narrowly defined as that between paid employment and domestic activities, rather, is conceptualized to include all activities performed within a society that are necessary for its existence and sustainability.

Social scientists especially have been criticized by feminists, queer theorists, and race theorists for maintaining unspoken racist, sexist, imperialistic, homophobic, or otherwise unjustifiably normalizing axioms inherited from previous centuries.

It should be noted that the term " Frankfurt School " arose informally to describe the thinkers affiliated or merely associated with the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research ; it is not the title of any specific position or institution per se, and few of these theorists used the term themselves.

Social cycle theorists were much more skeptical of the Western achievements and technological progress, however, arguing that progress is but an illusion of the ups and downs of the historical cycles.

While most avoid the tedious tasks of reading Spencer's massive volumes ( filled as they are with long passages explicating the organic analogy, with reference to cells, simple organisms, animals, humans and society ), there are some important insights that have quietly influenced many contemporary theorists, including Talcott Parsons, in his early work " The Structure of Social Action " ( 1937 ).

Social theorists ( such as Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Jürgen Habermas ) have proposed different explanations for what a social order consists of, and what its real basis is.

Conspiracy theorists concerned with surveillance abuse believe that the New World Order is being implemented by the cult of intelligence at the core of the surveillance-industrial complex through mass surveillance and the use of Social Security numbers, the bar-coding of retail goods with Universal Product Code markings, and, most recently, RFID tagging via microchip implants.

Social theorists of the Frankfurt School in Weimar Germany like Theodor Adorno had also observed the new phenomenon of mass culture and commented on its new manipulative power, when the rise of the Nazis drove them out of the country around 1930 ( many of them became connected with the Institute for Social Research in the United States ).

In 1996, postmodern theorists of the sociology of scientific knowledge ( SSK ) were the targets of a hoax paper by Alan Sokal in the journal Social Text, under the title Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity.

Social theorists have long argued that the performance of intensely arousing collective events such as firewalking persists because it serves some basic socialising function, such social cohesion, team building, and so on.

Unfortunately, from the classical standpoint investigative work is viewed upon as having difficulty to interpret ; data with no end product isolating power and then man, as either in a position of interpretation by the classical theorists as the final conclusion or man having anthropological characteristics with ancient relic features borrowed from the Pleistocene era which have never altered with additional evolutionary, cultural and biological salient features rather than having a real historical and social character involved. Or to investigate critically this power, with man and his involvement with his interactions with the environment making it impossible to have any rigorous explanation or conclusions. Political systems, or knowledge systems in general, from the classical perspective, become too large to be comprehended interpreting the environment of man as an anachronism ; information and data produced surrounding man as poorly understood viewing historical information as having no, or absence of history. Obviously from the classical point of view, modern research methods ( all from " Social sciences, Sociology, Humanities ") cannot be used to penetrate observation leaving gaps in our knowledge and an accepted taken for granted approach to any analysis. Foucault views this as the exact opposite of rational analysis, with its operations ( power ) as nothing more than a series of contingencies and networks.

For these theorists, societal conflict from which crime emerges is founded on the fundamental economic inequalities that are inherent in the processes of capitalism ( see, for example, wikipedia article on Rusche and Kirchheimer's Punishment and Social Structure, a book that provides a seminal exposition of Marxian analysis applied to the problem of crime and punishment ).

In England, British Social Anthropology's paradigm began to fragment as Max Gluckman and Peter Worsley experimented with Marxism and authors such as Rodney Needham and Edmund Leach incorporated Lévi-Strauss's structuralism into their work.

Personal Social Services or welfare services were developed in 1948 for individual and families in general, particularly special groups such as the mentally disordered, deprived children, the elderly, and the handicapped.

It frequently received aid from those countries and the regional financial institutions they influenced, such as the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development.

Social perceptions of the clitoris range from the significance of its role in female sexual pleasure, assumptions about its true size and depth, and varying beliefs regarding genital modification such as clitoris enlargement, clitoris piercing and clitoridectomy.

Social media promoters cite a number of business advantages, such as using online communities as a source of high-quality leads and a vehicle for crowd sourcing solutions to client-support problems.

Check digits and parity bits are special cases of checksums, appropriate for small blocks of data ( such as Social Security numbers, bank account numbers, computer words, single bytes, etc .).

Social determinants of health have been recognized by several health organizations such as the Public Health Agency of Canada and the World Health Organization to greatly influence collective and personal well-being.

As such, Dewey gives way to Social Reconstruction and schools as means to reconstruct society ( See Social Reconstruction in Education ).

Social spending such as health or education is around OECD median.

Patterning itself after Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy, Metaxas ' regime promoted various concepts such as the " Third Hellenic Civilization ", the Roman salute, a national youth organization, and introduced measures to gain popular support, such as the Greek Social Insurance Institute ( IKA ), still the biggest social security institution in Greece.

As a testament to his interdisciplinary approach, Simon was affiliated with such varied Carnegie Mellon departments as the School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, Departments of Philosophy, Social and Decision Sciences, and Psychology.

Social anarchists, including Murray Bookchin, anarcho-communists such as Peter Kropotkin and anarcho-collectivists such as Mikhail Bakunin, are sometimes called left-libertarian.

Several previously successful parties such as Latvian Way and the Social Democrats did not reach the 5 % threshold of the popular vote needed to be in the parliament.

In the late 19th century, the Social Gospel movement arose ( particularly among some Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists and Baptists in North America and Britain ,) which attempted to integrate progressive and socialist thought with Christianity in faith-based social activism, promoted by movements such as Christian Socialism.

Social contagions such as fads, hysteria, copycat crime, and copycat suicide exemplify memes seen as the contagious imitation of ideas.

# Providing substantive and administrative support to human rights fact-finding and investigatory mechanisms, such as special rapporteurs, representatives and experts and working groups mandated by the Commission on Human Rights and / or the Economic and Social Council to deal with specific country situations or phenomena of human rights violations worldwide, as well as the General Assembly's Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories ;

In the United States, varieties of cowpunk played by bands such as Nashville's Jason & the Scorchers, Arizona's Meat Puppets, and Southern California's Social Distortion had a similar effect.

Social phobia: fears other people or social situations such as performance anxiety or fears of embarrassment by scrutiny of others, such as eating in public.

:# The anxiety, panic attack, or phobic avoidance associated with the specific object or situation are not better accounted for by another mental disorder, such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ( e. g., fear of dirt in someone with an obsession about contamination ), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( e. g., avoidance of stimuli associated with a severe stressor ), Separation Anxiety Disorder ( e. g., avoidance of school ), Social Phobia ( e. g., avoidance of social situations because of fear of embarrassment ), Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia, or Agoraphobia Without History of Panic Disorder.

In countries such as Italy and Germany, post-communism is marked by the increased influence of their existing Social Democrats.

Social services, such as schools and clinics, were severely lacking.

The Social Democratic president of the National Council ( the lower house of parliament ) Karl Renner resigned to be able to cast a vote as a parliament member.

They received considerable support from Minister of Defense Gustav Noske, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, who used them to crush the German Revolution of 1918 – 1919 and the Marxist Spartacist League and arrest Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who were killed on 15 January 1919.

* Schroeder-Heister, P. " Popper, Karl Raimund ( 1902 – 94 )," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001, pp. 11727 – 11733. Abstract.

Social geographer David Harvey sums up the differences between Marx's usage of these concepts and Schumpeter's: " Both Karl Marx and Joseph Schumpeter wrote at length on the ' creative-destructive ' tendencies inherent in capitalism.

The Austrian People's Party is the successor of the Christian Social Party, a staunchly conservative movement founded in 1893 by Karl Lueger, mayor of Vienna and highly controversial right-wing populist.

* Tausch, Arno with Christian Bischof, Tomaz Kastrun and Karl Mueller ( 2007 ), ‘' Against Islamophobia: Muslim Communities, Social Exclusion and the Lisbon Process in Europe '’ Hauppauge, N. Y .: Nova Science Publishers

Influenced generally by Karl Kautsky's reformist views on socialism, Hansson succeeded Hjalmar Branting as editor of Social-Demokraten in 1917 and was appointed his Minister of Defence in Sweden's first Social Democratic cabinet in 1920, following a Liberal-Social Democratic coalition enacting equal suffrage for men and women ( in effect as of the 1921 election ).

* Draper, Hal Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution ( Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy, Volume 2: The Politics of Social Classes ).

Karl Lueger (, not ; 24 October 1844 – 10 March 1910 ) was an Austrian politician, mayor of Vienna, and leader and cofounder the Austrian Christian Social Party.

Left-wing members of the party, led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, strongly opposed the war, and the SPD soon suffered a split, with the leftists forming the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany ( USPD ) and the more radical Spartacist League.

* The Triple Bottom Line: How Today's Best-Run Companies Are Achieving Economic, Social and Environmental Success — and How You Can Too by Andrew W. Savitz and Karl Weber

Social geographer Karl Fredrik Tangen responded that it is easy for the typical intellectual Socialist Left voter, living in upper class areas, to agree to what was for them hypothetical question.

Shortly before the " Socialist Law " came into effect, he went into exile in Zurich, accepting a position as private secretary for social democratic patron Karl Höchberg, a wealthy supporter of Social Democracy.

By October, a provisional national assembly (“ Provisorische Nationalversammlung ”) was convened under the Social Democrat Karl Renner, which tried to work out a provisional constitution ( Provisorische Verfassung ) under the leadership of a new state council led by the new state chancellor Renner.

The Anschluss was initially enthusiastically greeted by many Social Democrats, such as the ex-chancellor Karl Renner who pledged to vote “ yes ” in a referendum on the Anschluss (“ Ich stimme mit ‘ Ja ’”) and finally realise the old dream of a union with Germany.

Along with Karl Radek, he was active in the socialist student movement, particularly in Ruch ( Movement ), which included members of the PPSD as well as of the two socialist parties in the Kingdom of Poland, the PPS and the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania ( SDKPiL-led by Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches ).

Her father, Karl Schmidt, was a radical Social democrat who became a mason and house builder.

Kollwitz was a committed socialist and pacifist, who was eventually attracted to communism ; her political and social sympathies found expression in the " memorial sheet for Karl Liebknecht " and in her involvement with the Arbeitsrat für Kunst, a part of the Social Democratic Party government in the first few weeks after the war.

Sindermann was born in Dresden as the son of the Saxon Social Democratic politician Karl Sindermann.

An urn containing her ashes was subsequently kept safe by a succession of left wing organizations, including the Social Democratic Federation, the British Socialist Party, and the Communist Party of Great Britain, before finally being buried alongside the remains of Karl Marx and other family members at Highgate Cemetery in London in 1956.

One group of Germans in Paris, headed by Karl Schapper, organised themselves in the form of a secret society known as the League of the Just ( Bund der Gerechten ) and participated in a May 1839 rebellion in Paris in an effort to establish a " Social Republic.

After the SPD leadership under Friedrich Ebert had excluded the opponents of the war from party ranks, the Spartacists joined with so-called " Revisionists " like Eduard Bernstein and Centrists like Karl Kautsky to found the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany ( USPD ) under the leadership of Hugo Haase on 9 April 1917.

His close relationship with Plekhanov led Rakovsky to a position between the Menshevik and Bolshevik factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, one he kept from 1903 to 1917 ; the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin was initially hostile to Rakovsky, and at one point wrote to Karl Radek that " we Bolsheviks do not have the same road as his kind of people ".