Total Solar Irradiance upon Earth ( TSI ) was earlier measured by satellite to be roughly 1. 366 kilowatts per square meter ( kW / m² ), but most recently NASA cites TSI as " 1361 W / m² as compared to ~ 1366 W / m² from earlier observations et al., 2005 ", based on regular readings from NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment ( SORCE ) satellite, active since 2003, noting that this " discovery is critical in examining the energy budget of the planet Earth and isolating the climate change due to human activities.

The first AI in space ( Deep Space 1 ) was developed from Code TI, as is the MAPGEN software that daily plans the activities for the Mars Exploration Rovers, the same core reasoner is used for Ensemble to operate Phoenix Lander, and the planning system for the International Space Station's Solar Arrays.

* Orlando Figueroa-formerly the Director of the Applied Engineering & Technology Directorate at the NASA GSFC ( as the " Director of Engineering " he manages the full scope of engineering activities at Goddard ), previously the NASA Mars Czar Director for Mars Exploration and the Director for the Solar System Division in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters

Many astronomers, geologists and biologists believe that exploration of the Solar System provides knowledge that could not be gained by observations from Earth's surface or from orbit around Earth.

* Nuclear thermal rockets or Solar thermal rockets could use it as reaction mass.

Unfortunately, the amount of speech that could be compressed into a 4K or 8K ROM cartridge was limited, and the system did not sell as well as Mattel had hoped ; while the initial orders were as high as 300, 000 units for the Intellivoice module and its initial game-cartridge offerings, interest in future titles dropped rapidly until the fourth and last Intellivoice title, Tron: Solar Sailer, sold a mere 90, 000 units.

Studies of bacteria frozen in Antarctic glaciers have shown that DNA has a half-life of 1. 1 million years under such conditions, suggesting that while life may have potentially moved around within the Solar System it is unlikely that it could have arrived from an interstellar source.

In the morning of 1 May 2011, about an hour before sunrise, five of our Solar System ’ s eight planets and the Moon could be seen from Paranal.

Before Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens, the planets of the Solar System were not recognized as worlds, or places where a person could potentially set foot ; they were visible to observers merely as bright points of light, distinguishable from stars only by their motion.

This could be a planet, asteroid, Moon, or other current Solar System object, or one that existed some time in the past ( e. g. a shattered asteroid ).

For example, the Solar storm of 1859 struck the Earth with such intensity that the northern lights could be seen as far south as Rome, approximately 42 ° north of the equator.

Kopal, like others, had argued that Solar Energetic Particles could be the cause of such a phenomenon.

Saturn's rings could give a further hint to identifying the Solar System.

The Orlando Solar Bears ( the final IHL champions ) and the Kansas City Blades were not admitted into the AHL because their owner, Rich DeVos, also owned the Griffins, and could only own one AHL franchise.

Even if we able to minimize the effect of instrumental and atmospherical components ( e. g. using a spacecraft ), there are still several astrophysical components contributing to the sky background: these could be sets of point sources like faint asteroids, Galactic stars and far away galaxies, as well as diffuse sources like dust in the Solar System, in the Milky Way, and in the intergalactic space.

The TPAD jaws could not lock onto Solar Max because of an obstructing grommet on the satellite not included in the blueprints for the satellite.

Aristarchus of Samos ( c. 310 – 250 BC ) first put forward the notion that the motions of the celestial bodies could be explained by assuming that the Earth and all the other planets in the Solar System orbited the Sun.

The EPIA / Greenpeace Solar Generation Paradigm Shift Scenario ( formerly called Advanced Scenario ) from 2010 shows that by the year 2030, 1, 845 GW of PV systems could be generating approximately 2, 646 TWh / year of electricity around the world.

Based on simulations it is believed that Uranus and Neptune could potentially hold quasi-satellites for the age of the Solar System ( about 4. 5 billion years ), but a quasi-satellite's orbit would remain stable for only 10 million years near Jupiter and 100, 000 years near Saturn.

Brown notes, however, that were the " clearing the neighbourhood " criterion to be abandoned, the number of planets in the Solar System could rise from eight to more than 50, with hundreds more potentially to be discovered.

Solar heating assisted by the heat released from the water vapor condensation could create so strong convective turbulence that the CBL comprises the entire troposphere up to 10 km to 18 km ( Intertropical convergence zone ).

Only giant space weapons ( such as the Solar System superweapon in 0083 ) or specialized mobile suit weapons ( such as the Twin Buster Rifle in Gundam Wing or the Satellite Cannon in Gundam X ) could ever hope to damage a falling colony significantly enough to prevent large-scale terrestrial damage.

With the funding of the United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research, in 2008, MIT chemist and head of the Solar Revolution Project Daniel G. Nocera and postdoctoral fellow Matthew Kanan attempted to circumvent this issue by using a catalyst containing the cheaper and more abundant elements cobalt and phosphate .< ref name = Kanan > The catalyst was able to split water into oxygen and protons using sunlight, and could potentially be coupled to a hydrogen-producing catalyst such as platinum.

Zarak then had the Decepticons acquire an Earth satellite, the Solar One, which could harness solar energy, and used it to direct the sun's energy to a small world he had enslaved in a dark nebula off in space, where he was having a massive Transtector constructed for himself.

One of his most well known proposals is the Nemesis hypothesis suggesting the Sun could have an as yet undetected companion dwarf star, whose perturbations of the Oort cloud and subsequent effects on the flux of comets entering the inner Solar System could explain an apparent 26 million year periodicity in extinction events.

A probe sent to Jupiter could use that planet as a gravitational slingshot to extend its trajectory to planets further out in the Solar System.

What is " typical " for a binary system tends to depend on its location in the Solar System ( presumably because of different modes of origin and lifetimes of such systems in different populations of minor planets ).

** Solar Dynamo – A supervillain with unspecified ( presumably solar-based ) energy projection abilities.

This engine was reported in 1962 as being a Solar Titan gas turbine of, but the engine eventually installed was described as a " four-cylinder McCullough " ( sic — presumably McCulloch ).

In the teachings of Theosophy, Devas are regarded as living either in the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system ( Planetary Angels ) or inside the Sun ( Solar Angels ) ( presumably other planetary systems and stars have their own angels ) and they help to guide the operation of the processes of nature such as the process of evolution and the growth of plants ; their appearance is reputedly like colored flames about the size of a human being.

This orbit will bring the star closer to the Solar System in the future.

In terms of total confirmed planets, the Solar System with 8 remains the largest planetary system, however HD 10180 has a total of 7 confirmed planets and a total of 2 unconfirmed planets which would bring the total to 9 and is currently the largest known exoplanetary system.

The state-sanctioned faith known as the Immaculate Order paints the Solar and Lunar Exalted as dangerous anathema who will bring ruin to the world if allowed to exist, thus encompassing the propaganda against Celestial Exalts.

Two months later during mission STS-41-C, astronauts James van Hoften and George Nelson attempted to use the MMU to capture the Solar Maximum Mission satellite and to bring it into the orbiter's payload bay for repairs and servicing.

He instead opens a portal to another reality where the tree-like Master Cult ( MC ) rule, and accidentally bring them to the Solar System where they proceed to conquer Earth.

The DeVos family could only bring one team into the AHL, and chose the Griffins because the Solar Bears had never drawn well despite their on-ice success.

Further, close neighbours might disrupt the stability of various orbiting bodies such as Oort cloud and Kuiper belt objects, which can bring catastrophe if knocked into the inner Solar System.

Some of these elements, notably thorium ( atomic number 90 ) and uranium ( atomic number 92 ), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our Solar System.

Solar sail craft offer the possibility of low-cost operations combined with long operating lifetimes.

The images revealed river beds, craters, massive extinct volcanoes ( such as Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the Solar System ), canyons ( including the Valles Marineris, a system of canyons over about long ), evidence of wind and water erosion and deposition, weather fronts, fogs, and more.

One of the larger craters in the Solar System, Mare Imbrium was created when lava flooded the giant crater formed when a very large object hit the Moon long ago.

The Fasli, Qadimi and the Shahanshahi all ( notionally ) start each of the 30 day long months with the Sun entering a new constellation, similar to the Vedic ( Hindu ) Solar calendars as reflected in the Jyotisha ( Vedic Astrology ), and the Armenian calendar, but different from the Iranian ( Jalaali ) Calendar, the Julian Calendar, the Mayan Haab Calendar and the French Revolutionary Calendar, whose epochs of the months are fixed to the equinoxes / solstices, as are the signs of Western Astrology.

The gleisners live in space, mostly in the asteroid belt, and in various other places in the Solar System ; Egan implies that they long ago agreed to leave Earth to the fleshers to avoid conflict.

Thus, the backdrop to the setting sees the newly-arisen Solar Exalted ( among various other heroes and villains ) struggling to survive their enemies in this time of tumult long enough to make their mark upon the fate of Creation, for good or for ill.

The solar constant does not remain constant over long periods of time ( see Solar variation ), but over a year varies much less than the variation of direct solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere arising from the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit.

In the Future History, Heinlein assumed that long before the end of the 20th century an extensive human exploration and colonization would take place all over the Solar System ; the same assumption was made also in other works not fitting into the Future History's framework.

Solar thermal heat is trapped using the greenhouse effect ; the greenhouse effect in this case is the ability of a reflective surface to transmit short wave radiation and reflect long wave radiation.

A long scale model of the Solar System starts across the Ouse, west of Fulford, and runs via Naburn to Riccall along a disused railway line from York to Selby, now a Sustrans cycle path and part of the White Rose cycle route.

The Solar Ark, an over 300m long photovoltaic power generation facility is located in the town.

* Solar eclipse of June 30, 1973-Very long total solar eclipse visible in NE South America, the Atlantic, and central Africa.

It is up to 100 km wide, 3 to 5 km deep and 2, 000 km long, running approximately three-quarters of the way around Tethys ' circumference, making it one of the longer valleys in the Solar System.

The earliest example of a sewn boat is the 40 + metres long " Solar " funerary boat on show near the Gizeh pyramid, in Egypt ; it dates back from 2600 BC.

Solar energy is often used to supply power for satellites and spacecraft operating in the inner solar system since it can supply energy for a long time without excess fuel mass.

Some astrophysicists have suggested that if intelligent and more advanced civilizations came to our Solar System, there is some probability that these civilizations turned to asteroid mining long ago.

Colonies in the outer Solar System could also serve as centers for long term investigation of the planet and the other moons.

The studies also included recommendations for a solar probe ( see also Solar Probe Plus ), nuclear thermal technology, solar sail probe, 20 AU / year probe, and a long term vision of a 200 AU / year probe to the star Epsilon Eridani.

All primordial grains from the Solar System's formation were removed long ago.