** Solovetsky Monastery

The Count Dmitry Tolstoy visited Russia's second most sacred religious site, Solovetsky Monastery ( near the White Sea ), in 1869 where he found the prison conditions to be repulsive.

5 part resurrection icon, Solovetsky Monastery, 17th century.

That same year Razin went on a long-distance pilgrimage to the great Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea for the benefit of his soul.

At the right are the Gates of Paradise, guarded by a seraphim | seraph ( Solovetsky Monastery, 17th century ).

Some of them, such as Bishop Paul of Kolomna, Archbishop Alexander of Vyatka ( as well as a number of monasteries, such as the famous Solovetsky Monastery ), stood up for the old faith ; bishop Paul was eventually executed for his loyalty to the old rites.

A Muscovite Voivode Putting Down the Solovetsky Monastery Uprising.

He was deprived of all his offices and dignities on April 17, 1730, and banished first to his country seat and then to the Solovetsky Monastery.

Historically Solovetsky Islands have been the location of the famous Russian Orthodox Solovetsky Monastery complex, which repelled foreign attacks during the Time of Troubles, the Crimean War, and the Russian Civil War.

* The fictional town of Solovets in Monday Begins on Saturday is a hint at Solovetsky Monastery.

Hunters were sent by merchants, and monasteries, such as Solovetsky Monastery, and settled in smaller stations along the coast.

Subsequently, the Solovetsky Monastery collections were added to the library.

Historically the islands have been the setting of the famous Russian Orthodox Solovetsky Monastery complex.

" Bombardment of the Solovetsky Monastery by the Royal Navy during the Crimean War ".

Solovetsky Monastery was founded in 1436 by the monk Zosima, however, monks German ( Herman ) and Savvatiy ( Sabbatius ) from Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery lived on the island from 1429 to 1436, and are considered as founders of the monastery as well.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Solovetsky Monastery extended its producing and commercial activity, becoming an economic and political center of the White Sea region.

By the 17th century, Solovetsky Monastery had already had some 350 monks, 600-700 servants, artisans and peasants.

The Solovetsky Monastery Uprising of 1668 – 1676 was aimed at Nikon's ecclesiastic reform and took on an anti-feudal nature.

In 1765, Solovetsky Monastery became stauropegic ( from the Greek stauros meaning " cross " and pegio meaning " to affirm "), i. e. it subordinated directly to the Synod.

Together with the Sumskoy and Kemsky stockades, Solovetsky Monastery represented an important frontier fortress with dozens of cannons and a strong garrison.

During the Crimean War, Solovetsky Monastery was attacked by three British ships.

The architectural ensemble of the Solovetsky Monastery is located on the shores of the Prosperity Bay ( бухта Благополучия ) on Solovetsky Island.

Bolshaya Muksalma () is one of the Solovetsky Islands.

Soon was arrested and deported to the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea where he was to spend a few years.

The Solovki prison camp ( later Solovki prison ) was located on the Solovetsky Islands, in the White Sea ).

This charter was a model for Sergius ' numerous followers who founded more than 400 cloisters all over Russia, including the celebrated Solovetsky, Kirilov, and Simonov monasteries.

In 1990, the Solovetsky Stone was erected across from the Lubyanka to commemorate the victims of political repression.

He was sentenced to 10 years ' hard labour on Solovetsky.

Frenkel ensured that everything that did not contribute to the camp's economic productivity was discarded: all pretence of re-education was dropped ; the camp's journals and newspapers were closed ; the distinction between those with criminal convictions and those convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes was dropped as both groups were set to work alongside one another simply as labourers ; and the meetings of the camp's Solovetsky Society for Local Lore were stopped although, to impress visiting dignitaries, the Solovetsky museum and theatre continued to exist.

Others hated and feared him: in 1927 the year of his early release, in one of the first foreign publications about the Solovetsky Islands, it was written by the French anti-communist Raymond Duguet that, " thanks to his horribly insensitive initiatives, millions of unhappy people are overwhelmed by terrible labour, by atrocious suffering.

" He was accused in 1928 by his comrades in the Solovetsky Islands Communist Party cell of organising a personal network of spies " so he knows everything about everybody earlier than everyone else.

Before his early release was granted, Frenkel had organised and then managed the Ekonomicheskaya kommercheskaya chast, the Economic-Commercial Department of SLON, through which he tried to make the Solovetsky camps not merely self-supporting in accordance with the concentration camp decrees but profitable with the result that they began to take work away from other state undertakings: an element of competition remained in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and Frenkel took advantage of this.

Within the camp itself, few doubted that Frenkel was the architect of this alleged success: he was firmly identified with the commercialisation of the camp and hated for it ; at an acrimonious meeting of the Solovetsky Communist Party in 1928-so acrimonious that part of the meeting's conclusions were deemed too secret to be kept in the archive-one camp commander Yashenko complained about the extent of the Economic-Commercial Department's influence and went on to attack Frenkel, admitting that he hated Frenkel so much that he had contemplated murdering him:

Frenkel ( far right ) at the White Sea-Baltic Canal works The perception that the Solovetsky camps under Frenkel were profitable was shared by Stalin: Stalin's preference for prison labour over ordinary labor can be found in Stalin's continuing interest throughout his life in the intimate details of camp administration.

St. Savvaty of Solovki ( Russian, Савватий Соловецкий ) ( died September 27, 1435 ) was one of the founders of the Solovetsky Monastery.

Solovetsky Monastery on a Russian ruble | 500-ruble banknote

Under Frenkel the nature of the work undertaken by SLON prisoners changed from such trifles as fur farming and the cultivation of exotic Arctic plants to road building and tree felling: the change in the nature of the work changed the nature of the camp and the regimes which SLON developed beyond the Solovetsky archipelago such as in the Arkhangelsk region of the Russian mainland, thousand of kilometres away from Solovetsky, to which Frenkel despatched prison labourers.

The Solovetsky Monastery Uprising ( Соловецкое восстание in Russian ) was an uprising of Old Believer monks, known as the Raskol, of the northern Solovetsky Monastery against the Tsar's policies.

By Lenin's decree, the monastery buildings were turned into Solovetsky Lager ' Osobogo Naznachenia ( SLON ), that is, the " Solovki Special Purpose Camp ".

In 1974, the Solovetsky Islands were designated a historical and architectural museum and a natural reserve of the Soviet Union.

Frenkel is best known for his role in the organisation of work in the Gulag, starting from the forced labor camp of the Solovetsky Islands, which is recognised as one of the earliest sites of the Gulag.