Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and the late Stephen Jay Gould have employed dialectical materialism in their approach, playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work.

Some evolutionary biologists, on the other hand, view it as an undirected emergent property of the ecosystem: as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change.

Some biologists suggest that the modern giraffe descended from G. jumae ; others find G. gracilis a more likely candidate.

Some biologists say the same roles are performed by lytic vacuoles, while others suggest there is strong evidence that lysosomes are indeed in some plant cells.

Some evolutionary biologists, for example Allan Wilson, have proposed that evolution in promoter or regulatory regions may be more important than changes in coding sequences over such time frames.

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that while punctuated equilibrium was " of great interest to biology ", it merely modified neo-Darwinism in a manner that was fully compatible with what had been known before.

Some biologists, anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists believe this in-group / out-group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival.

Some biologists have criticised the idea for describing the gene as the unit of selection, but suggest describing the gene as the unit of evolution, on the grounds that selection is a " here and now " event of reproduction and survival, while evolution is the long-term trend of shifting allele frequencies.

Some serious biologists and ecologists created the scientific ecology movement which would not confuse empirical data with visions of a desirable future world.

Some biologists even believe that they are too inbred to flourish as a species.

Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected.

" Some biologists such as Richard Dawkins suggest that the individual selected is the gene, while computer simulations like Daisyworld suggest that biological selection occurs at multiple levels simultaneously.

Some biologists have also feared that this name would be offensive to some Native American tribes involved in the conservation effort.

Some biologists use Tenrecomorpha as the name for the tenrec-golden mole clade, but prevailing evidence suggests Afrosoricida is more appropriate and Tenrecomorpha is used here as the name of the tenrec suborder.

Some biologists have used she-male to refer to male non-human animals displaying female traits or behaviors, such as female pheromones being given off by male reptiles.

Some evolutionary biologists, such as Robert Trivers, have suggested that deception plays a significant part in human behavior, and in animal behavior, more generally speaking.

Some biologists argued that populations of most organisms, amphibians included, naturally vary through time.

Some original cat breeds that have a distinct phenotype that is the main type occurring naturally as the dominant domesticated cat type in their region of origin are sometimes considered as subspecies and in the past received names as such, although this is no longer supported by feline biologists.

Some biologists, such as Jack Cohen, believe this assumption too restrictive and unimaginative ; they see it as a form of circular reasoning ( see Alternative biochemistry, a speculative biochemistry of alien life forms ).

Some biologists dislike the term " preadaptation " because there is a common tendency to misunderstand it as implying teleology, an intentional plan.

Some chemical biologists use automated synthesis of many diverse compounds in order to experiment with effects of small molecules on biological processes.

Some biologists consider it to be a subspecies of P. sungorus.

Some biologists argue that it is not herbivorization alone that is threatening the flora, but a number of other ecological factors including zoochory and nutrient cycling.

Some biologists conduct laboratory experiments involving animals, plants or microorganisms but biological research also takes place outside the laboratory and may involve observation rather than experimentation.

Some cosmologists and physicists argue that a challenge to the cosmological argument is the nature of time: " One finds that time just disappears from the Wheeler – DeWitt equation " ( Carlo Rovelli ).

Some important work IUPAC has done in these fields includes standardizing nucleotide base sequence code names ; publishing books for environmental scientists, chemists, and physicists ; and leading the way in improving education in science.

Some modern day physicists and science writers such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin have argued that scientific finds in physics such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory have disproven materialism.

Some physicists have explored the notion that if the dimensionless physical constants had sufficiently different values, our Universe would be so radically different that intelligent life would probably not have emerged, and that our Universe therefore seems to be fine-tuned for intelligent life.

Some physicists take up additional careers where their knowledge of physics can be combined with further training in other disciplines, such as patent law in industry or private practice.

Some of the greatest physicists have also been creative mathematicians.

Some physicists believe that it

Some physicists, for example Asher Peres and Chris Fuchs, argue that an interpretation is nothing more than a formal equivalence between sets of rules for operating on experimental data, thereby implying that the whole exercise of interpretation is unnecessary.

Some physicists claim that by using a wormhole to connect two regions of space-time a person could theoretically travel in time.

Formally, Minkowski space is a four-dimensional real vector space equipped with a nondegenerate, symmetric bilinear form with signature < tt >(−,+,+,+)</ tt > ( Some may also prefer the alternative signature < tt >(+,−,−,−)</ tt >; in general, mathematicians and general relativists prefer the former while particle physicists tend to use the latter.

Some physicists speculate that the CTCs which appear in certain GR solutions might be ruled out by a future theory of quantum gravity which would replace GR, an idea which Stephen Hawking has labeled the chronology protection conjecture.

Some physicists theorize the formation of wormholes therein, and speculation arising from this includes the possibility of hyperspatial links to other universes.

Some physicists, including Mach's student, Gustav Jaumann, interpreted Hertz to mean that all electromagnetic behavior is continuous, as if there were no atoms and molecules, and likewise as if all physical behavior were ultimately electromagnetic.

Some physicists think that levitation, if it is the case that the phenomenon could be scientifically confirmed as a real occurrence, could be the result of the mind " tapping into " the quantum vacuum zero point energy in an altered state of consciousness.

Some physicists have also treated this as evidence of the fallibility inherent within the peer review system.

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single equation describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire ( see Lorentz force ), and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field ( due to the Maxwell – Faraday equation ).

Some theoretical physicists currently believe that a quantum theory of general relativity may require frameworks other than field theory itself, such as string theory or loop quantum gravity.

Some physicists use W instead where W = − E.

* Some physicists and science fiction writers have speculated that time is branching -- it branches into alternate universes ( see many-worlds interpretation ).

Some of Einstein's work did reach the United Kingdom and the United States through the efforts of the Austrian Paul Ehrenfest and physicists in the Netherlands, especially 1902 Nobel Prize-winner Hendrik Lorentz and Willem de Sitter of Leiden University.

Some resented the newcomer's fame, notably among some German physicists, who later started the Deutsche Physik ( German Physics ) movement.

Some years later, having learned that his 1955 paper was highly regarded by notable physicists, such as Pascual Jordan, Raychaudhuri was sufficiently emboldened to submit a doctoral dissertation, and received his degree in 1959.