Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and the late Stephen Jay Gould have employed dialectical materialism in their approach, playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work.

Some evolutionary biologists, on the other hand, view it as an undirected emergent property of the ecosystem: as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change.

Some biologists suggest that the modern giraffe descended from G. jumae ; others find G. gracilis a more likely candidate.

Some biologists say the same roles are performed by lytic vacuoles, while others suggest there is strong evidence that lysosomes are indeed in some plant cells.

Some evolutionary biologists, for example Allan Wilson, have proposed that evolution in promoter or regulatory regions may be more important than changes in coding sequences over such time frames.

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that while punctuated equilibrium was " of great interest to biology ", it merely modified neo-Darwinism in a manner that was fully compatible with what had been known before.

Some biologists, anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists believe this in-group / out-group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival.

Some biologists have criticised the idea for describing the gene as the unit of selection, but suggest describing the gene as the unit of evolution, on the grounds that selection is a " here and now " event of reproduction and survival, while evolution is the long-term trend of shifting allele frequencies.

Some serious biologists and ecologists created the scientific ecology movement which would not confuse empirical data with visions of a desirable future world.

Some biologists even believe that they are too inbred to flourish as a species.

Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area reserve judgment on Kauffman's claims about self-organization and evolution.

Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected.

" Some biologists such as Richard Dawkins suggest that the individual selected is the gene, while computer simulations like Daisyworld suggest that biological selection occurs at multiple levels simultaneously.

Some biologists have also feared that this name would be offensive to some Native American tribes involved in the conservation effort.

Some biologists use Tenrecomorpha as the name for the tenrec-golden mole clade, but prevailing evidence suggests Afrosoricida is more appropriate and Tenrecomorpha is used here as the name of the tenrec suborder.

Some biologists have used she-male to refer to male non-human animals displaying female traits or behaviors, such as female pheromones being given off by male reptiles.

Some evolutionary biologists, such as Robert Trivers, have suggested that deception plays a significant part in human behavior, and in animal behavior, more generally speaking.

Some biologists argued that populations of most organisms, amphibians included, naturally vary through time.

Some original cat breeds that have a distinct phenotype that is the main type occurring naturally as the dominant domesticated cat type in their region of origin are sometimes considered as subspecies and in the past received names as such, although this is no longer supported by feline biologists.

Some biologists, such as Jack Cohen, believe this assumption too restrictive and unimaginative ; they see it as a form of circular reasoning ( see Alternative biochemistry, a speculative biochemistry of alien life forms ).

Some biologists dislike the term " preadaptation " because there is a common tendency to misunderstand it as implying teleology, an intentional plan.

Some chemical biologists use automated synthesis of many diverse compounds in order to experiment with effects of small molecules on biological processes.

Some biologists consider it to be a subspecies of P. sungorus.

Some biologists conduct laboratory experiments involving animals, plants or microorganisms but biological research also takes place outside the laboratory and may involve observation rather than experimentation.

Some of us might be inclined to argue, in fact, that an independence of mind and action and an intolerance of regimentation, either mental or physical, are particularly Southern traits.

Some argue that no act of sharing, helping or sacrificing can be described as truly altruistic, as the actor may receive an intrinsic reward in the form of personal gratification.

Some folk etymologies argue that the original forms of these symbols indicated their value through the number of angles they contained, however there is no proof of any such origin.

) Some observers argue that, while academicians often perceive themselves as members of an elite, their influence is mostly imaginary: " Professors of humanities, with all their leftist fantasies, have little direct knowledge of American life and no impact whatever on public policy.

Some scientific anti-realists argue further, however, and deny that unobservables exist even as non-truth conditioned instruments.

Some scholars argue Plato drew upon memories of past events such as the Thera eruption or the Trojan War, while others insist that he took inspiration from contemporary events like the destruction of Helike in 373 BC or the failed Athenian invasion of Sicily in 415 – 413 BC.

Some, like Hernando De Soto, argue that much of the poverty in the Third World countries is caused by the lack of Western systems of laws and well-defined and universally recognized property rights.

Some argue that a sutta in the Gamani Samyuttam rules out all military service.

Some argue that the Aberdeen Bestiary might be the older of the two.

Some argue that the evidence for antipsychotics from discontinuation-relapse studies may be flawed, because they do not take into account that antipsychotics may sensitize the brain and provoke psychosis if discontinued, which may then be wrongly interpreted as a relapse of the original condition.

Some argue that, overall, the evidence suggests that antipsychotics only help if they are used selectively and are gradually withdrawn as soon as possible and have referred to the " Myth of the antipsychotic ".

Some argue that the view of Arianism that exists to this day among most Christians would not have existed were it not for Athanasius.

Some argue that the openness of the country's political system has been a significant factor in Botswana's stability and economic growth.

Some authors even argue that the language moved westward during Late Antiquity, after the fall of Rome, into the north part of Hispania in which Basque is spoken today.

Some argue that the OPS formula is flawed and that more weight should be shifted towards OBP ( on base percentage ).

Some such as Maulana Karenga and Owen Alik Shahadah argue African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates geography and historical origin.

Some critics claim copyright law protects corporate interests while criminalizing legitimate use, while proponents argue the law is fair and just.

Some scholars argue that conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in mass media, contributing to conspiracism emerging as a cultural phenomenon in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and the possible replacement of democracy by conspiracy as the dominant paradigm of political action in the public mind.

Some philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett in an essay titled The Unimagined Preposterousness of Zombies, argue that people who give this explanation do not really understand what they are saying.

Some music historians argue that Chicanos of Los Angeles in the late 1970s might have independently co-founded punk rock along with the already-acknowledged founders from British-European sources when introduced to the US in major cities.

Some argue that consequentialist and deontological theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive.

Some, like Henry Sidgwick, argue that a certain degree of egoism promotes the general welfare of society for two reasons: because individuals know how to please themselves best, and because if everyone were an austere altruist then general welfare would inevitably decrease.

Some scientists argue that megafauna cryptids are unlikely to exist undetected in great enough numbers to maintain a breeding population, and are unlikely to be able to survive in their reported habitats due to issues of climate and food supply.

Some argue that the concept of the collapse of a " real " wave function was introduced by Heisenberg and later developed by John Von Neumann in 1932.

Some people argue that this is risky as specimens from a more protected population could be ‘ laundered ’ through the borders of a Party whose population is not as strictly protected.