Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and the late Stephen Jay Gould have employed dialectical materialism in their approach, playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work.

" Some creationists and creationist organizations, such as the Institute of Creation Research, use these terms in an effort to make it appear that evolutionary biology is a form of secular religion.

Some evolutionary psychologists apply the same thinking to psychology, arguing that the mind has a modular structure similar to that of the body, with different modular adaptations serving different functions.

Some mechanisms, termed domain-specific, deal with recurrent adaptive problems over the course of human evolutionary history.

Some evolutionary biologists, on the other hand, view it as an undirected emergent property of the ecosystem: as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change.

Some critics, such as Jerry Coyne ( professor of evolutionary biology at the University of Chicago ) and Eugenie Scott ( a physical anthropologist and executive director of the National Center for Science Education ) have argued that the concept of irreducible complexity, and more generally, intelligent design is not falsifiable, and therefore, not scientific.

Some are evolutionary from the PWR, BWR and PHWR designs above, some are more radical departures.

Some evolutionary biologists, for example Allan Wilson, have proposed that evolution in promoter or regulatory regions may be more important than changes in coding sequences over such time frames.

Some definitions simply refer to all forms of socialism that follow an electoral, reformist or evolutionary path to socialism, rather than a revolutionary one.

Some commentators believe that hypomania actually has an evolutionary advantage.

Some biologists, anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists believe this in-group / out-group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival.

Some definitions simply refer to all forms of socialism that follow an electoral, reformist or evolutionary path to socialism, rather than a revolutionary one.

Some evidence, such as the displacement of siliceous sponges from the shelves, suggests that this takeover began in the Cretaceous ( 146 Ma to 65 Ma ), while evidence from radiolarians suggests " take-over " did not begin until the Cenozoic ( 65 Ma to present ).< ref name = harper75 > The expansion of grassland biomes and the evolutionary radiation of grasses during the Miocene is believed to have increased the flux of soluble silicon to the oceans, and it has been argued that this has promoted the diatoms during the Cenozoic era.

Some types of insects, and molluscs such as the octopus, also have strong spatial learning and navigation abilities, but these appear to work differently from the mammalian spatial system, so there is as yet no good reason to think that they have a common evolutionary origin ; nor is there sufficient similarity in brain structure to enable anything resembling a " hippocampus " to be identified in these species.

Some Hindus find support for, or foreshadowing of evolutionary ideas in scriptures, namely the Vedas.

Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.

Some modern paleontologists still believe that Testudines are the only surviving branch of this ancient evolutionary grade, which includes groups such as procolophonids, millerettids, and pareiasaurs, although that view is not generally accepted.

Some hemoglobinopathies ( and also related diseases like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency ) seem to have given an evolutionary benefit, especially to heterozygotes, in areas where malaria is endemic.

Some disciplines, in particular within evolutionary biology, are still prone to use language that appears teleological when they describe natural tendencies towards certain end conditions ; but these arguments can almost always be rephrased in non-teleological forms.

This cline is an example of a ring species. Some of Huxley's last contributions to the evolutionary synthesis were on the subject of ecological genetics.

Some more recent chatterbots also combine real-time learning with evolutionary algorithms that optimise their ability to communicate based on each conversation held.

Some organizations, such as the US Department of Defense, have a preference for iterative methodologies, starting with MIL-STD-498 " clearly encouraging evolutionary acquisition and IID ".

Some evolutionary psychologists, in effect agreeing with Chomsky, argue that the apparent impossibility of teaching language to animals is indicative that the ability to use language is an innately human development.

Some leading anthropologists disagree, and consider anthropological holism to be an artifact from 19th century social evolutionary thought that inappropriately imposes scientific positivism upon cultural anthropology.

Some biologists suggest that the modern giraffe descended from G. jumae ; others find G. gracilis a more likely candidate.

Some biologists say the same roles are performed by lytic vacuoles, while others suggest there is strong evidence that lysosomes are indeed in some plant cells.

Some biologists have criticised the idea for describing the gene as the unit of selection, but suggest describing the gene as the unit of evolution, on the grounds that selection is a " here and now " event of reproduction and survival, while evolution is the long-term trend of shifting allele frequencies.

Some serious biologists and ecologists created the scientific ecology movement which would not confuse empirical data with visions of a desirable future world.

Some biologists even believe that they are too inbred to flourish as a species.

Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area reserve judgment on Kauffman's claims about self-organization and evolution.

Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected.

" Some biologists such as Richard Dawkins suggest that the individual selected is the gene, while computer simulations like Daisyworld suggest that biological selection occurs at multiple levels simultaneously.

Some biologists have also feared that this name would be offensive to some Native American tribes involved in the conservation effort.

Some biologists use Tenrecomorpha as the name for the tenrec-golden mole clade, but prevailing evidence suggests Afrosoricida is more appropriate and Tenrecomorpha is used here as the name of the tenrec suborder.

Some biologists have used she-male to refer to male non-human animals displaying female traits or behaviors, such as female pheromones being given off by male reptiles.

Some evolutionary biologists, such as Robert Trivers, have suggested that deception plays a significant part in human behavior, and in animal behavior, more generally speaking.

Some biologists argued that populations of most organisms, amphibians included, naturally vary through time.

Some original cat breeds that have a distinct phenotype that is the main type occurring naturally as the dominant domesticated cat type in their region of origin are sometimes considered as subspecies and in the past received names as such, although this is no longer supported by feline biologists.

Some biologists, such as Jack Cohen, believe this assumption too restrictive and unimaginative ; they see it as a form of circular reasoning ( see Alternative biochemistry, a speculative biochemistry of alien life forms ).

Some biologists dislike the term " preadaptation " because there is a common tendency to misunderstand it as implying teleology, an intentional plan.

Some chemical biologists use automated synthesis of many diverse compounds in order to experiment with effects of small molecules on biological processes.

Some biologists consider it to be a subspecies of P. sungorus.

Some biologists argue that it is not herbivorization alone that is threatening the flora, but a number of other ecological factors including zoochory and nutrient cycling.

Some biologists conduct laboratory experiments involving animals, plants or microorganisms but biological research also takes place outside the laboratory and may involve observation rather than experimentation.