Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and the late Stephen Jay Gould have employed dialectical materialism in their approach, playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work.

" Some creationists and creationist organizations, such as the Institute of Creation Research, use these terms in an effort to make it appear that evolutionary biology is a form of secular religion.

Some evolutionary psychologists apply the same thinking to psychology, arguing that the mind has a modular structure similar to that of the body, with different modular adaptations serving different functions.

Some mechanisms, termed domain-specific, deal with recurrent adaptive problems over the course of human evolutionary history.

Some evolutionary biologists, on the other hand, view it as an undirected emergent property of the ecosystem: as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change.

Some critics, such as Jerry Coyne ( professor of evolutionary biology at the University of Chicago ) and Eugenie Scott ( a physical anthropologist and executive director of the National Center for Science Education ) have argued that the concept of irreducible complexity, and more generally, intelligent design is not falsifiable, and therefore, not scientific.

Some are evolutionary from the PWR, BWR and PHWR designs above, some are more radical departures.

Some evolutionary biologists, for example Allan Wilson, have proposed that evolution in promoter or regulatory regions may be more important than changes in coding sequences over such time frames.

Some definitions simply refer to all forms of socialism that follow an electoral, reformist or evolutionary path to socialism, rather than a revolutionary one.

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that while punctuated equilibrium was " of great interest to biology ", it merely modified neo-Darwinism in a manner that was fully compatible with what had been known before.

Some commentators believe that hypomania actually has an evolutionary advantage.

Some biologists, anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists believe this in-group / out-group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival.

Some definitions simply refer to all forms of socialism that follow an electoral, reformist or evolutionary path to socialism, rather than a revolutionary one.

Some evidence, such as the displacement of siliceous sponges from the shelves, suggests that this takeover began in the Cretaceous ( 146 Ma to 65 Ma ), while evidence from radiolarians suggests " take-over " did not begin until the Cenozoic ( 65 Ma to present ).< ref name = harper75 > The expansion of grassland biomes and the evolutionary radiation of grasses during the Miocene is believed to have increased the flux of soluble silicon to the oceans, and it has been argued that this has promoted the diatoms during the Cenozoic era.

Some types of insects, and molluscs such as the octopus, also have strong spatial learning and navigation abilities, but these appear to work differently from the mammalian spatial system, so there is as yet no good reason to think that they have a common evolutionary origin ; nor is there sufficient similarity in brain structure to enable anything resembling a " hippocampus " to be identified in these species.

Some Hindus find support for, or foreshadowing of evolutionary ideas in scriptures, namely the Vedas.

Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.

Some modern paleontologists still believe that Testudines are the only surviving branch of this ancient evolutionary grade, which includes groups such as procolophonids, millerettids, and pareiasaurs, although that view is not generally accepted.

Some hemoglobinopathies ( and also related diseases like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency ) seem to have given an evolutionary benefit, especially to heterozygotes, in areas where malaria is endemic.

Some disciplines, in particular within evolutionary biology, are still prone to use language that appears teleological when they describe natural tendencies towards certain end conditions ; but these arguments can almost always be rephrased in non-teleological forms.

This cline is an example of a ring species. Some of Huxley's last contributions to the evolutionary synthesis were on the subject of ecological genetics.

Some more recent chatterbots also combine real-time learning with evolutionary algorithms that optimise their ability to communicate based on each conversation held.

Some organizations, such as the US Department of Defense, have a preference for iterative methodologies, starting with MIL-STD-498 " clearly encouraging evolutionary acquisition and IID ".

Some leading anthropologists disagree, and consider anthropological holism to be an artifact from 19th century social evolutionary thought that inappropriately imposes scientific positivism upon cultural anthropology.

Some psychologists, in fact, suggest that career-bound husbands often are more to blame for topsy-turvy marriages than their wives.

Some sociologists and psychologists have noted that autobiography offers the author the ability to recreate history.

Some psychologists claim that research evidence for this type of far transfer is scarce, while others claim there is abundant evidence of far transfer in specific domains.

Some psychologists such as John B. Watson, Robert Plutchik, and Paul Ekman have suggested that there is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and that fear is one of them.

Some psychologists argue that only the " higher " intellectual functions constitute mind, particularly reason and memory.

Some psychologists propose that this processing gives rise to particular mental states ( cognitivism ) whilst others envisage a direct path back into the external world in the form of action ( radical behaviourism ).

Some philosophers and psychologists have tended to understand thought as basically a form of internal speech, suggesting that either this speech must be innate or thought has to be learned while acquiring language.

Some U. S. states and territories, following the creation of the prescriptive authority for psychologists movement, have granted prescriptive privileges to clinical psychologists who have undergone additional specialised education and training in medical psychology.

Some psychologists use " confirmation bias " to refer to any way in which people avoid rejecting a belief, whether in searching for evidence, interpreting it, or recalling it from memory.

Some social psychologists identify it as linked to a signal of high social status.

Some psychologists ( Fordor, 1959 ; Ehrenwald, 1974 ) proposed that an OBE is a defense mechanism designed to deal with the threat of death.

Some psychologists advocate a positive psychology, and explicitly embrace an empirical self-help philosophy ; " the role of positive psychology is to become a bridge between the ivory tower and the main street-between the rigor of academe and the fun of the self-help movement.

Some psychologists cite such behavior as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing any task or decision.

Some social psychologists have argued that the act of freely choosing a specific therapy, together with the effort and money invested by the client in order to continue to engage in the chosen therapy, positively influences the effectiveness of therapy.

Some psychologists suggest changing norms of sunlight in particular can cause Seasonal affective disorder.

Some psychologists have theorized that the formation of youth culture is an attempt to adopt an identity that reconciles these two conflicting expectations.

Some psychotherapists and psychologists practicing various kinds of Body Psychotherapy and Somatic Psychology have continued to use Reich's proposed emotional-release methods and character-analysis ideas, but use of orgone equipment is rare, limited mainly to therapists who have been trained in " Reichian " institutions such as the American College of Orgonomy.

Some feminists and psychologists argue that such objectification can lead to negative psychological effects including depression and hopelessness, and can give women negative self-images because of the belief that their intelligence and competence are currently not being, or will never be, acknowledged by society.

Some, especially depth psychologists, also study the unconscious mind.

Some psychologists believe that a significant portion of human behavior is energized and directed by unconscious motives.

Some severe cases of micromanagement arise from other underlying mental-health conditions such as obsessive – compulsive personality disorder, although not all allegations of such conditions by subordinates and other " armchair psychologists " are accurate.