Some sociologists have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae.

Some sociologists have defined racism as a system of group privilege.

Some sociologists have also pointed out, with reference to the USA and elsewhere, that forms of racism have in many instances mutated from more blatant expressions hereof into more covert kinds ( albeit that blatant forms of hatred and discrimination still endure ).

Some sociologists and theorists of culture have recognized the power of mass communication as a socialization device.

Some sociologists, such as Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings, say the origin of ethnic stratification lies in individual dispositions of ethnic prejudice, which relates to the theory of ethnocentrism.

Some sociologists have credited it with influencing Irish attitudes towards many issues, and directing social change in Ireland to construct current Irish societal norms.

Some sociologists engaged in the study of the Internet have predicted that someday, a distinction between online and real-life worlds may seem " quaint ", noting that certain types of online activity, such as sexual intrigues, have already made a full transition to complete legitimacy and " reality ".

Some sociologists consider the higher income and prestige of higher ranked jobs to simply be incentives to encourage members of society to obtain the skills necessary to perform important work.

Some sociologists argue that prisons create a unique social environment that do not allow inmates to create strong social ties outside or inside of prison life.

Some modern social theorists have also been critical toward the apparent shortsightedness that urban sociologists have shown toward the role of culture in the inner city.

Some anticonformist sociologists like Pierre Bourdieu have argued that this exam measures a candidate's social connections as much their ability to present a lesson — consider, for example, that a candidate for a Law professorship may be helped by first-class attorneys if he happens to know them.

Some sociologists ( Berger & Zelditch, 1993 ; Wagner, 1984 ; Wagner & Berger, 1985 ) have used the term “ orienting strategies ”.

Some sociologists, like Paul Bagguley and Nelson Pichardo, criticize NSM theory for a number of reasons, including:

Some sociologists, notably Max Weber, believe that in certain social groups, the acquisition of prestige and power is a zero-sum game, and this situation may provide a rationalization for the hatred of " tall poppies ".

" Some other sociologists elaborated this concept further.

Some sociologists argue that ideal type tends to focus on extreme phenomena and overlook the connections between them, and that it is difficult to show how the types and their elements fit into a theory of a total social system.

Some sociologists and critics refer to Reconstructionism as a type of " Dominionism ".

Some other sociologists do not concur with this idea.

Some sociologists of science argue that peer review makes the ability to publish susceptible to control by elites and to personal jealousy.

Some sociologists, for instance Karl Polanyi, have argued that relative differences in economic wealth are more important than absolute deprivation, and that it is more significant in determining human quality of life.

Some small Muslim sects have rituals and feasts whose meaning is crypto-Christian, some sociologists contend.

Some sociologists now dispute the degree to which this idealized arrangement has and does reflect the true structure of families in American society.

Some psychologists, in fact, suggest that career-bound husbands often are more to blame for topsy-turvy marriages than their wives.

Some evolutionary psychologists apply the same thinking to psychology, arguing that the mind has a modular structure similar to that of the body, with different modular adaptations serving different functions.

Some psychologists claim that research evidence for this type of far transfer is scarce, while others claim there is abundant evidence of far transfer in specific domains.

Some psychologists such as John B. Watson, Robert Plutchik, and Paul Ekman have suggested that there is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and that fear is one of them.

Some psychologists argue that only the " higher " intellectual functions constitute mind, particularly reason and memory.

Some psychologists propose that this processing gives rise to particular mental states ( cognitivism ) whilst others envisage a direct path back into the external world in the form of action ( radical behaviourism ).

Some philosophers and psychologists have tended to understand thought as basically a form of internal speech, suggesting that either this speech must be innate or thought has to be learned while acquiring language.

Some biologists, anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists believe this in-group / out-group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival.

Some U. S. states and territories, following the creation of the prescriptive authority for psychologists movement, have granted prescriptive privileges to clinical psychologists who have undergone additional specialised education and training in medical psychology.

Some psychologists use " confirmation bias " to refer to any way in which people avoid rejecting a belief, whether in searching for evidence, interpreting it, or recalling it from memory.

Some social psychologists identify it as linked to a signal of high social status.

Some psychologists ( Fordor, 1959 ; Ehrenwald, 1974 ) proposed that an OBE is a defense mechanism designed to deal with the threat of death.

Some psychologists advocate a positive psychology, and explicitly embrace an empirical self-help philosophy ; " the role of positive psychology is to become a bridge between the ivory tower and the main street-between the rigor of academe and the fun of the self-help movement.

Some psychologists cite such behavior as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing any task or decision.

Some evolutionary psychologists, in effect agreeing with Chomsky, argue that the apparent impossibility of teaching language to animals is indicative that the ability to use language is an innately human development.

Some social psychologists have argued that the act of freely choosing a specific therapy, together with the effort and money invested by the client in order to continue to engage in the chosen therapy, positively influences the effectiveness of therapy.

Some psychologists suggest changing norms of sunlight in particular can cause Seasonal affective disorder.

Some psychologists have theorized that the formation of youth culture is an attempt to adopt an identity that reconciles these two conflicting expectations.

Some psychotherapists and psychologists practicing various kinds of Body Psychotherapy and Somatic Psychology have continued to use Reich's proposed emotional-release methods and character-analysis ideas, but use of orgone equipment is rare, limited mainly to therapists who have been trained in " Reichian " institutions such as the American College of Orgonomy.

Some feminists and psychologists argue that such objectification can lead to negative psychological effects including depression and hopelessness, and can give women negative self-images because of the belief that their intelligence and competence are currently not being, or will never be, acknowledged by society.

Some, especially depth psychologists, also study the unconscious mind.

Some psychologists believe that a significant portion of human behavior is energized and directed by unconscious motives.

Some severe cases of micromanagement arise from other underlying mental-health conditions such as obsessive – compulsive personality disorder, although not all allegations of such conditions by subordinates and other " armchair psychologists " are accurate.